AP Biology- Endocrine System Flashcards

5725229091	Endocrine System	Releases hormones, chemicals released by ductless glands into the blood stream that can have an effect anywhere in the body	0
5725229092	Tropic hormones	Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones	1
5725229093	Pheromones	Hormones released by one animal that affect other animals	2
5725229094	Nitric Oxide	Hormone found in vertebrates Gas released by one cell and reaches neighboring cells by diffusion	3
5725229095	Control Metamorphosis in Insects	Hormones: ecdysone, juvenile hormone, brain hormone	4
5725229096	Hypothalamus	Bridge between endocrine and nervous systems Sends electrical signals to adrenal gland to release adrenaline Releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone into posterior pituitary for storage	5
5725229097	Anterior Pituitary	Growth hormone (GH)- Bone growth Luteinizing hormone (LH)- Ovaries and testes Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- Thyroid to release thyroxin Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- Adrenal cortex to release cortisol Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- gonads to produce gametes	6
5725229098	Posterior Pituitary	Stores and releases hormones (oxytocin-stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary glands during labor and ADH- stimulates the collecting tubule in nephron) from hypothalamus	7
5725229099	Thyroid Gland	Releases thyroxin- controls rate of metabolism Releases calcitonin- lowers blood calcium levels by facilitating uptake of calcium by bones	8
5725229100	Parathyroid Gland	Releases parathormone- raises blood calcium levels by removing calcium from bones Works in opposition to calcitonin	9
5725229101	Adrenal Cortex	Responds to stress by releasing corticosteroids- cortisol Raises blood sugar levels	10
5725229102	Adrenal Medulla	Releases epinephrine (adrenaline)- the "fight or flight" hormone- raises blood sugar levels by increasing breakdown of glycogen in liver	11
5725229103	Pancreas	Functions as both endocrine gland (releasing hormones) and exocrine gland (releasing digestive enzymes) Releases insulin to lower blood glucose levels Releases glucagon to raise blood glucose levels	12
5725229104	Thymus Gland	Most active in fetal and postnatal life Essential to development of a normal immune system Stimulates proliferation of T-lymphcytes	13
5725229105	Pineal Gland	In brain Secretes hormone melatonin	14
5725229106	Ovaries	Estrogen- stimulates uterine lining, promotes development and maintenance of primary and secondary sexual characteristics Progesterone- promotes growth of uterine lining	15
5725229107	Testes	Testosterone- supports sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics	16
5725229108	Positive Feedback	Mechanisms amplify an already existing response and bring a process to an end	17
5725229109	Negative Feedback	Mechanisms maintain homeostasis	18
5725229110	Signal-Transduction Pathway	1. Chemicals bind to a receptor on the surface of the plasma membrane 2. Triggers a secondary messenger (cAMP or calcium ions) 3. Converts chemical signal to a specific cellular response from the nucleus	19