AP Human Geography Agriculture Flashcards

6218000094	Agribusiness	System of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.	0
6218000093	Cash Crops	Planting large amounts of profitable crops for mass production and sell.	1
6218000095	Commercial Agriculture	Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.	2
6218000097	Double Cropping	Planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year.	3
6218000099	GMOs	Foods that\have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistant, increased productivity, or nutrients value	4
6218000100	Intensive Subsistence Farming	A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.	5
6218000103	Monoculture	Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.	6
6218000104	Mechanization	In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.	7
6218000105	Market Gardening	The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers.	8
6218000106	Primary Economy	Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials.	9
6218000107	Plantation Agriculture	Raising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export.	10
6218000109	Suitcase Farmers	A farm in which no one reside permanently, they go against the grain of traditional farming. In the US migrant workers provide a cheap, abundant labor source	11
6218000111	Sustainable Yield	Rate of crop production that can be maintained over time.	12
6218000112	Transhumance	Movement of animal herd to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter.	13
6218000114	Von Thunen Model	Theory that a commercial farmer wull decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market.	14
6218000115	Green Revolution	An outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution, this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm.	15
6218000117	Examples of Primary Economic Activities	Raising livestock Mining Quarrying Crude oil extraction Lumbering Wheat growing Cotton	16
6218000118	Examples of Secondary Economic Activities	Milk, Cheese Diamonds Petroleum Furniture Bread, Beer Textiles	17
6218000119	Examples of Tertiary Economic Activities	Corporation Doctors Attorneys Tourism Scientist	18
6218000143	Nomadism	Dry Areas Same climate as livestock ranching(commercial farms in MDCs) Marginalized land	19
6218000148	Mixed livestock and grain	Raise domesticated animals and growing feed	20
6218000149	Commercial Grain Farming	Wheat belt Bread-basket US Corn belt	21
6218000151	Mediterranean Agriculture	An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados,	22
6218000166	Double cropping	Harvesting twice in one year Employ crop rotation	23
6218000169	Intertillage	the clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other manual equipment	24
6218000184	Truck Farms	Farm where farmers produce fruits for the market Use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies	25
6218000185	Staple Grains	wheat, barley, rye, maize, or rice; potatoes, yams, taro, arrowroot, or cassava	26
6218108305	Adaptive Strategies	the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life- food, clothing, shelter, and defense.	27
6218113118	Agrarian	relating to land; relating to the management or farming of land	28
6218116684	Agricultural Industrialization	The use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors etc. - makes it easier for farmers to have higher crop yields.	29
6218120247	Agricultural Landscape	The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields.	30
6218122706	Agricultural Location Model	An attempt to explain the pattern of agricultural land use in terms of accessibility, costs, distance, and prices.	31
6218124400	Aquaculture	Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages	32
6218127659	Biorevolution	the genetic engineering of plants and animals with the potential to exceed the productivity of the Green Revolution	33
6218129718	Biotechnology	A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.	34
6218132446	Chemical Farming	increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium	35
6218132448	Collective Farm	a farm or group of farms run by the government, as in a communist state	36
6218136929	Cultivation Regions	Regions were there is agricultural activity. Know these specifically! (ie. Southwestern US is cattle ranching, Mediterranean is crop trees).	37
6218141610	Dairy Farms	specialized in dairy products, N. America, Europe, NOT Africa, South America, Asia	38
6218146406	Debt-For-Nature Swap	When agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources.	39
6218148271	Desertification	Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.	40
6218151637	Dispersed (Rural Settlement Type)	characteristics of the contemporary North American rural landscape, by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers.	41
6218158886	Extensive Commercial Agriculture	A crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important than capital or labor inputs in determining output	42
6218161331	Extractive Industry	primary activities involving the mining and quarrying of nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources	43
6218163445	Farm Crisis	farmers too productive, causing surplus of crops and lowering prices and producing less revenue for farmers	44
6218166708	Feedlot	a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market	45
6218169414	Food Chain	A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten	46
6218171296	Food Desert	An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain	47
6218188929	Food Manufacturing	The processes that are used to convert raw materials into finished food products	48
6218191560	Globalized Agriculture	system of food production increasingly dependent upon an economy and set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization	49
6218200334	Growing Season	The season in which crops grow best. Growing season can vary by location, societies rely on their growing season to which crops they can or can't grow at their latitude.	50
6218200335	Hunting and Gathering	the killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance	51
6218205217	Intensive Commercial Agriculture	Intensive farming in a commercial economy, crops have high yields and market value	52
6218207897	Livestock Ranching	an extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West	53
6218210706	Long-Lot Survey System	A distinct regional approach to land surveying whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals	54
6218213357	Luxury Crops	Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco	55
6218216851	Metes and Bounds System	a system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. The system relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees.	56
6218221214	Pastoralism	A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.	57
6218224286	Nucleated( Rural Settlement System)	clustered settlement is one of the main types of settlement pattern. It is one of the terms used by geographers and landscape historians to classify settlements	58
6218230920	Organic Agriculture	Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.	59
6218232532	Pesticides	Chemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants, but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals.	60
6218246152	Planned Economy	a system of production of goods and services, usually consumed or distributed by a governmental agency, in quantities, at prices, and in locations determined by governmental program	61
6218248862	Plant Domestication	genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention	62
6218252774	Primogeniture	right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son	63
6218262632	Quaternary Economic Activities	service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.	64
6218265352	Quinary Economic Activities	service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.	65
6218268584	Rectangular Survey System	A system used to divide public domain lands in the United States in which land is divided into 6-mile square townships and subdivided into sections, portions of sections, or irregular lots.	66
6218270661	Root Crops	crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants	67
6218274471	Carl Sauer	Defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis.	68
6218281067	2nd Agriculture Revolution	Innovations led to agricultural surpluses, food surpluses, let people move from farms to factories, growth of cities increased.	69
6218285136	Secondary Economic Activity	economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector	70
6218288184	Seed Crops	crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants. crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants.	71
6218290191	Specialization	The concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities	72
6218293407	Slash and Burn Agriculture	a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land	73
6218295701	Swidden	Land that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash and burn method.	74
6218299464	Tertiary Economic Activity	economic activity associated with the provision of services--such transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.	75
6218302547	Township and Range System	A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.	76
6218307527	Third Agriculture Revolution	'green revolution' rapid diffusion of new ag techniques between 1970's and 1980's, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers	77
6218312880	Village Form (Rural Settlement Type)	a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings	78
6218315064	Soil Erosion	the wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind, or ice	79