AP Biology: Organic Molecules Flashcards

This vocabulary set includes classes of organic molecules as well as examples of each

7406945474	Macromolecules	Molecules composed of thousands of atoms: the four main classes being carbohydrates, lipids, prteins, and nucleic acids	0
7406945475	Polymer	Chainlike molecules, consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.	1
7406945476	Monomer	Make up polymers: connected by covalent bonds.	2
7406945477	Dehydration Synthesis	Removing water to create a bond.	3
7406945478	Hydrolysis	Adding water to break a bond	4
7406945479	Carbohydrates	A macromolecule made up of C, H and O, with a 2:1 ratio between the hydrogen and oxygen.	5
7406945480	Monosaccharides	Simple sugars with 1 ring: Provides immediate energy, classified by the amount of carbons	6
7406945481	Disaccharides	Double sugars with 2 rings	7
7406945482	Polysaccharides	Polymers, with many rings, joined by glucosidic linkages. Acts as an energy storage macromolecule, building materials for cells or whole organisms	8
7406945483	Maltose	A disaccharide formed by joining the two glucose molecules: found in malt sugar	9
7406945484	Sucrose	A disaccharide formed by joining glucose and fructose, major form of sugars in plants: found in table sugar	10
7406945485	Lactose	A disaccharide formed by joining glucose and galactose. People who lack the enzyme to digest this sugar are "intolerant"	11
7406945487	Starch	storage polymer of glucose in PLANTS	12
7406945488	Cellulose	Made up cell walls of plants, fiber	13
7406945489	Glycogen	polysaccharide of glucose, used for storage in animals	14
7406945490	Chitin	Makes up the exoskeleton of pill bugs; extremely strong, contains nitrogen-containing appendage on each glucose	15
7406945491	Lipids	nonpolar class of molecules. Have C, H and O, but not in a 2:1 ratio.	16
7406945492	Triacylglycerides	(Fats): Store large amounts of energy, made up of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids -> 1 fat + 3 water molecules. Functions as energy storage, to cushion vital organs, and insulation.	17
7406945493	Glycerol	3-C alcohol that is building block of triglycerides	18
7406945494	Fatty Acid	Carboxyl group attached to long hydrocarbon chain.	19
7406945496	Saturated fatty acids	Fatty acids with single bonds, hydrogen at every possible position, a straight shape, from an animal source. Solid at room temperature.	20
7406945497	Unsaturated fatty acids	Fatty acids with double and single bonds, without hydrogens at every possible position, a kinked/bent shape, from a plant source. Liquid at room temperature.	21
7406945498	Phospholipid	2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol, with a phosphate group. Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic bonds. Comprise cell membrane.	22
7406945499	Steroid	A type of lipid: ex., cholesterol	23
7406945500	Proteins	Polymer of one or more chains of amino acids folded and coiled into a specific 3-D structure	24
7406945501	Antibodies	Example of proteins used for DEFENSE	25
7406945503	Enzymes	Example of proteins used as REGULATORS	26
7406945504	Primary Structure	The unique sequence of amino acids, determined by DNA. Changing this affects a protein's conformation and ability to function.	27
7406945505	Secondary Structure	Results from hydrogen bonds at regular intervals doing the polypeptide backbone, typically developed as an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet.	28
7406945506	Tertiary Structure	The protein has folded up upon itself, held together by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, Van der Waals reactions, or disulfide bridges	29
7406945507	Quarternary structure	Union of 2+ polypeptide subunits	30
7406945517	Nucleic Acids	An organic compound made up of a pentose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. The three types are DNA, RNA and ATP	31
7406945520	Nucleotide	The building blocks of nucleic acids	32
7406945521	Pentose sugar	Deoxyribose and ribose; a building block of nucleic acids	33
7406945527	glucose	A sugar that is the major source of energy for the body's cells, monosaccharide example	34
7406945528	fructose	Sugar that is naturally found in fruit and honey. It's also added to sweeten drinks, monosaccharide example	35
7406945529	ribose	A five-carbon sugar present in RNA	36
7406945530	deoxyribose	A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides, 1 less O than ribose	37
7406945531	functional group	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.	38
7406945532	hydroxyl group	A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.	39
7406945533	carbonyl	C=O carbon double bonded to an oxygen	40
7406945534	carboxyl	A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.	41
7406945535	amino	functional group containing Nitrogen and two hydrogens	42
7406945536	phosphate group	A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms	43
7406945537	sulfhydryl	A functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (—SH).	44