AP Biology- Macromolecules Flashcards

4888339371	nonpolar	electrons shared equally	0
4888339372	polar	electrons shared unequally	1
4888339378	monosaccharide	C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose	2
4888339379	disaccharide	two monosaccharides joined together; C12H22O1; maltose, lactose, and sucrose	3
4888339380	dehydration synthesis	condensation; joining compounds together with water released	4
4888339381	hydrolysis	breakdown of a compound by adding water	5
4888339382	polysaccharide	polymers of carbohydrates	6
4888339383	cellulose	structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls	7
4888339384	starch	storage polysaccharide found in plants	8
4888339386	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids	9
4888339387	saturated fat	fat without double bonds	10
4888339388	unsaturated fat	fat with double bonds	11
4888339390	peptide bond	bond creating amino acid chains or polymers	12
4888339391	primary structure	linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds	13
4888339392	secondary structure	protein formed with hydrogen bonds	14
4888339393	tertiary structure	3D conformation formed; determines specificity	15
4888339394	quaternary structure	protein with more than one polypeptide chain	16
4888339395	alpha helix	secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)	17
4888339396	beta pleated sheet	secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk	18
4888339397	functional group	components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions	19
4888339398	metabolism	sum of all chemical reactions that take place in cell	20
4888339406	cohesion	capacity to resist tension to rupture	21
4888339409	polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together	22
4888339410	monomer	building block for polymers; only made by producers	23
4888339411	adhesion	attraction between different kinds of molecules	24
4888339412	surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	25
4888339414	evaporative cooling / heat of vaporization	property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules	26
4888339415	disulfide bridge	tertiary structure; strong covalent bond formed when one sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another	27
4888339416	hydrophobic interaction	tertiary structure; weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water change to exclude the water	28
4888339417	hydrocarbon	organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon	29
4888339418	macromolecule	giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules	30
4888339419	glycosodic linkage	covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction	31
4888339420	nucleotide	building block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group	32
4888339421	pyramidine	cytosine, thymine, and uracil; six-membered ring	33
4888339422	purine	adenine and guanine; six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring	34
4888339423	hydroxyl	hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar	35
4888339425	carboxyl	oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group	36
4888339426	amine	nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton	37
4888339427	sulfhydryl	sulfur bonded to hydrogen in roughly the shape of a hydroxyl; cysteine	38
4888339428	phosphate	phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid	39
5009054288	compartmentalization	membrane enclosed regions that allow a eukaryotic cell to increase surface area and have specialized regions for chemical reactions.	40
5009068314	passive transport	movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input	41
5009080596	active transport	movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration in the direction against some gradient	42
5009081918	endocytosis	form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.	43
5009083402	exocytosis	a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.	44
5096182625	surface area	The measurement of the outer surface of an object.	45
5096186307	volume	Amount of space occupied by an object	46
5096189420	water potential	The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.	47
5096192773	osmosis	Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane	48