APES: Agriculture Flashcards

9228179492	Subsidy	Government payment to encourage or protect a certain economic activity	0
9228182030	Domestic Subsidy	a payment or tax break made by a government to firms in a particular industry based on production	1
9228183825	Export Subsidy	a payment or tax break from a government to firms as a reward for exporting products	2
9228185765	Nutrients	Molecules in food that your body needs to grow, to repair itself, and to supply you with energy (general categories: water, carbohydrates/sugars, proteins/amino acids, lipids/fats, vitamins, and minerals)	3
9228185766	calorie	Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C	4
9228188573	Food Calorie	a unit equal to 1000 calories used to measure the energy in foods; 1 kcal	5
9228192404	Marasmus	total malnutrition and emaciation (especially in children) due to insufficient caloric & nutrient intake	6
9228193992	Kwashiorkor	protein deficiency characterized by edema, growth failure, and muscle wasting; a form of malnourishment	7
9228244960	Bt corn	a strain of corn that has been genetically engineered to produce a toxin* that kills the corn borer work and insects which attack it *[Advanced detail- optional]: a toxic protein coded for by a gene naturally found in the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis, hence the abbreviation "Bt"	8
9228244961	Roundup Ready Crops	Plants grown from genetically modified seeds that have a genetic resistance glyphosate (an herbicide) [Advanced detail]: The multi-national corporation Monsanto is the producer of the Roundup herbicide as well as the Roundup Ready seeds	9
9228276561	Glyphosate	A broad-spectrum organophosphate herbicide that blocks protein synthesis* in plants; it is the active ingredient in Roundup *[Advanced details- optional]; Glyphosate inhibits the production of a specific enzyme called EPSP synthase. Without this enzyme, plants are unable to synthesize amino acids needed to produce other proteins essential to photosynthesis, therefore the plants cannot grow.	10
9228369396	Organophosphates	The phosphorous-containing synthetic chemical basis of many insecticides, herbicides, and nerve agents initially used in chemical warfare; it's acutely toxic but degrades readily. [Advanced details- optional]: blocks acetylcholine esterase, thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (resulting in disruption of the parasympathetic nervous system- salivation, crying, vomiting- and muscle spasms); high exposure can lead to paralysis	11
9229550247	Chlorinated hydrocarbons	The highly persistent chlorine-containing synthetic chemical basis of many insecticides including DDT (illegal in US for crop use), chlordane and lindane	12
9229596267	Fair trade	An international method of trade which aims to ensure that producers receive a fair price for their output, especially in less developed countries (LDCs)	13
9229606046	Monoculture	farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year	14
9229607402	Polyculture	An agricultural method in which several types of crops are planted together in the same field	15
9229607403	Integrated Pest Management	An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs such as polyculture, natural predators, traps, among other to eliminate pests	16
9229627279	Subsistence agriculture	Level of farming in which a person raises only enough food to feed his or her family	17
9229628672	Sustainable agriculture	Farming methods that preserve long term productivity of land and minimize pollution	18
9229630631	Industrialized agriculture	form of agriculture that uses large-scale mechanization and fossil fuels to boost yields	19