AP Psychology Thinking Flashcards

5737131808	Cognition	the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
5737131809	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.	1
5737131810	Prototype	a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides quick/easy methods for sorting things.	2
5737131811	Algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.	3
5737131813	Insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. An "aha!" moment	4
5737131814	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.	5
5737131815	Fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, inability to employ a different mindset.	6
5737131816	Mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.	7
5737131817	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.	8
5737131818	Representative heuristic	judging the likely-hood of things based on how well they represent, or match, particularly prototypes. More likely to assume someone described as tall and muscular is an athlete than a member of the math team.	9
5737131819	Availability heuristic	estimating the likely-hood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind we presume such events are common. For instance, we might cancel our flight and drive to vacation because of recent news reports of plane crashes. In reality, car crashes are more common, but we don't easily think of them.	10
5737131820	Overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements	11
5737131821	Belief perserverence	clinging to one's initial concepts after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.	12
5737131822	Intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.	13
5737131823	Framing	the way an issue is posed; can significantly affect decisions and judgments. For instance, if chips are marketed as 70% fat free, they sound healthier than if they were marketed as containing 30% fat.	14
5737154053	Heuristic	problem solving strategy that involves using a rule of thumb or mental short cut such as leaving $2 in tip for every $10 you spend at a restaurant	15
5737305114	Trial and Error	Problem solving method that doesn't involve any real strategy or step by step process; just winging it.	16
5737314074	Divergent Thinking	Thinking that is creative, out of the box and results in many possibilities	17
5737314075	Convergent Thinking	Thinking that is limited only to available facts and results in one solution	18
5737328367	Cognitive Approach	School of psychology that emphasizes the importance of thinking and mental processes. Cognitive psychologists examine thinking, memory, and problem solving.	19