APES Friedland Chapter 6 Flashcards

7232717115	intrinsic growth rate (r)	has particular maximum potential for growth labeled (r)	0
7232717116	overshoot	when a population becomes larger than spring carrying capacity	1
7232717117	community	-incorporates all populations pf organisms within a given are -boundries maybe defined by state or federal agencies responsible for managing it -scientists who study this are interested in how species interact with one another -exist within ecosystems	2
7232717118	growth rate	number of offspring an individual can produce in given time period, minus deaths of individual or its offspring during the same period	3
7232717119	die-off	-result of overshoot -population crash	4
7232717120	population	-composed of all individuals that belong to the same species & live in a given area at a particular time -evolution occurs -scientists who study this are interested in factors that cause number of individuals to increase or decrease	5
7232717121	logistic growth model	-describes population whose growth is initially exponential but slows as population approaches carrying capacity of environment (K) -s-shaped	6
7232717122	age structure	-description of how many individuals fit into particular age categories -knowing this helps ecologists predict how rapidly populations can grow	7
7232717123	limiting resource	-resource that a population cannot live without & which occurs in quantities lower than a population would require to increase in size -if this decreases, so does population size that depends on it water, nitrogen, phosphorous	8
7232717124	s-shaped curve	logistic growth model Gause Paramecium experiments	9
7232717125	sex ratio	-ration of males to females -usually close to 50:50 -helps scientists estimate number of offspring a population will produce in the next generation fig wasps=20 females:1 male	10
7232717126	population ecology	-study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease -knowing these factors that affect population size helps implement measures to improve survival & reproduction	11
7232717127	carrying capacity (K)	limit to how many individuals an environment can sustain	12
7232717128	j-shaped curve	-exponential growth model -populations not limited by resources, growth is rapid, as more births occur with each step in time	13
7232717129	k-selected species	-large organisms that reach reproductive maturity relatively late -produce few large offspring -provide parental care -pose challenge because populations grow slowly -endangered species cannot respond quickly to efforts to save it from extinction -because carrying capacity is denoted as k	14
7232717130	population density	-number of individuals per unit area (or volume) -helps scientists estimate whether species is rare or abundant coyote=1 per square km:12 per square km -useful measure for wildlife managers whi must set hunting or fishing limits on species offer more hunting/fishing permits for high zones & fewer for low zones	15
7232717131	population size	-total number of individuals within a defined area at a given time *california condor-combination of poaching, poisoning, flying into power lines=reduced but by captive breeding, increased	16
7232717132	density-independent factors	-have same effect on an individual's probability of survival & amount of reproduction at any population size -bird populations are regulated by these tornado, hurricane, flood, fire, volcano	17
7232717133	density-dependent factors	-influence individual's probability of survival & reproduction in a manner that depends on size of the population amount of food available-food scarcity affect large populations over smaller ones	18
7232717134	r-selected species	-exhibit rapid population growth that is followed by overshoots & die-offs -small organisms that reach reproductive maturity relatively early -produce many small offspring -reproduce frequently -provide little/no parental care -because intrinsic growth rate is denoted by r house mice, roaches, small fish, insects, weedy plants	19
7232717135	population distribution	-description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another random, uniform, clumped	20
7232717136	clumped population distribution	-large group, feeding opportunities & protection from predators school fish, flocking birds, herding mammals	21
7232717137	uniform population distribution	-evenly spaced -plants produce toxins to prevent other plants of same species from growing close nesting birds	22
7232717138	random population distribution	-no pattern trees	23
7232717139	survivorship curves	-distinct patterns of survival over time type I, II, III	24
7232717140	type III survivorship curve	-low survival early in life & rarely reach adulthood r-selected species	25
7232717141	type II survivorship curve	-relatively constant decline coral, squirrels	26
7232717142	type I survivorship curve	-as they approach old age, start to die in large numbers k-selected species	27
7232717143	exponential growth model	-(N v t) = (N v 0) e ^ rt -e is base of natural logs, t is time -future size of population (N v t) depends on current size of population (N v 0), intrinsic growth rate of population (r) & amount of time (t) over which population grows -j-shaped	28
7232717144	corridors	-strips of natural habitat that connect separated populations -provide connectedness among populations	29
7232717145	metapopulation	-groups of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between them -provide a species with some protection against threats such as diseases	30
7232717146	community ecology	-study of how interactions between species affect community structure & organization	31
7232717147	competition	-struggle of individuals to obtain a limiting resource	32
7232717148	competitive exclusion principle	-principle stating that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist	33
7232717149	resource partitioning	-situation in which two species divide a resource, based on differences in their behavior or morphology	34
7232717150	predation	interaction in which one organism kills & eats another	35
7232717151	parasites	-live in or on organism they consume, known as host -rarely cause death to host, since they consume only small fraction of host *tapeworms, protists that live in bloodstream & cause malaria	36
7232717152	pathogens	-parasites that cause disease in host *viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, helminths	37
7232717153	parasitoids	-organism that lay eggs inside other organisms -when eggs hatch, larvae consume host from inside out, which leads to death *wasps, flies	38
7232717154	mutualism	-an interaction between species that increases the chances of survival or reproduction for both species -assist other species on order to benefit itself	39
7232717155	commensalism	-relationship between species in which one species benefits & the other species is neither helped nor harmed *bird use tree as perch, fish use coral as place to hide from predators	40
7232717156	symbiotic	-relationship of two species that live in close association with each other	41
7232717157	keystone species	-species that are far more important in their community than their relative abundance might suggest -exists in low numbers *predators, source of food	42
7232717158	ecological succession	-replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time -decades to centuries -in terrestrial community, can be primary or secondary	43
7232717159	primary succession	-ecological succession occurring on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil *parking lot, newly exposed rock from glacier retreat, newly cooled lava	44
7232717160	secondary succession	-succession of plant life that occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil -follows event like fire, hurricane -occur on abandoned agriculture field *New England farms	45
7232717161	pioneer species	-species that can colonize new areas rapidly & grow well in full sunshine *aspen & cherry trees	46
7232717162	theory of island biogeography	-demonstrates importance of both habitat size & distance in determining species richness	47