AP Evolution Flashcards

6770955109	evolution	the change in a population's inherited traits from generation to generation	0
6770955110	natural selection	the evolutionary process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations	1
6770955111	evolutionary adaptations	inherited traits further developed through evolution	2
6770955112	gradualism	the slow, gradual steps of change	3
6770955113	uniformitarianism	the philosophy of science that believes that the natural processes operating now are doing so at the same rate as in the past	4
6770955114	artificial selection	the intentional breeding of certain characteristics over others	5
6770955115	homology	any similarity between structures due to shared ancestry	6
6770955116	homologous structures	any structures that are sismilar due to shared ancestry	7
6770955117	vestigial organs	anatomical structures of organisms in a species which have lost much or all of their original function due to evolution	8
6770955118	phylogeny	the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms	9
6770955119	population	the collection of people or organisms of a particular species living in a given geographic area or space	10
6770955120	species	one of the basic units of biological classification	11
6770955121	Hardy-Weinberg Theorum	a relationship between the frequencies of alleles and the genotype of a population	12
6770955122	Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium	when alleles are in perfect Hardy-Weinberg proportion	13
6770955123	Hardy-Weinberg equation	p²+2pq+q²=1	14
6770955124	macroevolution	evolution that occurs at or above the species level	15
6770955125	bottleneck effect	an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing	16
6770955126	founder effect	establishing a population by a small number of individuals, carrying only a small fraction of the original population's genetic variation	17
6770955127	gene flow	the transfer of gene alleles from one population to another	18
6770955128	balanced polymorphism	natural selection maintaining polymorphisms in a population	19
6770955129	heterozygote advantage	when heterozygotes have greater fitness than homozygotes	20
6770955130	hybrid vigour	the increased strength of various characteristics in hybrids	21
6770955131	stabilising selection	a type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilises on a particular trait value	22
6770955132	directional selection	when natural selection favors a single allele and therefore, allele frequency continuously shifts in one direction	23
6770955133	diversifying selection	a type of evolution that simultaneously favors at both extremes of the distribution	24
6770955134	sexual dimorphism	the systematic difference inbetween individuals of different sexes in the same species	25
6770955135	microevolution	the occurrence of small-scale changes in allele frequencies in a population over a few generations	26
6770955136	speciation	the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise	27
6770955137	anagenesis	the evolution of species involving a change in gene frequency in an entire population	28
6770955138	phyletic evolution	genetic changes that occur within an evolutionary line	29
6770955139	cladogenesis	an evolutionary splitting event in which each branch and its smaller branches forms an evolutionary variety of sister organisms	30
6770955140	branching evolution	when a species evolves separately from itself to form separate groups	31
6770955141	prezygotic barriers	barriers that prevent mating between species/prevention of egg fertilisation	32
6770955142	morphical species concept	when species are classified as the same species based on anatomy	33
6770955143	recognition species concept	a concept that defines a species as a set of organisms that recognise each other as potential mates	34
6770955144	cohesion species concept	defines a species as a group of organisms that can exchange genetically	35
6770955145	ecological species concept	defines a species as a set of organisms that are adapted to a particular set of resources	36
6770955146	evolutionary species concept	a species is a lineage evolving separately from others and with its own unitary evolutionary role and tendencies	37
6770955147	allopatric speciation	when populations physically separated by an extrinsic barrier evolve so that if the barrier breaks down, they can't breed	38
6770955148	adaptive radiation	rapid speciation of a single or a few species to fill many ecological niches	39
6770955149	sympatric speciation	different species sharing the same territory	40
6770955150	punctuated equilibrium	rare events that cause milestone evoltion branches	41
6770955151	convergent evolution	where unclosely related organisms evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments	42