APES Chapter 11 Flashcards

4890102806	Undernutrition	not consuming enough calories to be healthy	0
4890102807	Malnutrition	a person's diet lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals even though they get enough calories	1
4890102808	Reasons for Under/malnutrition	Poverty Political and economic factors Agricultural resources being diverted to feed livestock and poultry rather than people	2
4890102809	Overnutrition	too many calories and improper foods that causes a person to become overweight	3
4890102810	Agribusiness	techniques of Industrial Revolution are applied to production of food	4
4890102811	Green revolution	new management techniques and mechanization as well as the triad of fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties	5
4890102812	Waterlogging	when the soil remains under water for prolonged periods which impairs root growth because the roots cannot get oxygen	6
4890102813	Salinization	when the small amounts of salts in irrigation water become highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation	7
4890102814	Organic fertilizers	organic matter from plants and animals, typically made from animal manure that has been allowed to decompose	8
4890102815	Inorganic fertilizers (synthetic)	fertilizers that are produced commercially; this is usually done by combusting natural gas, which allows nitrogen from the atmosphere to be "fixed" and captured in fertilizer	9
4890102816	Monocropping (monoculture)	growing a large amount of a single species of plant	10
4890102817	Pesticide	a substance that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests	11
4890102818	Insecticide	targets insects	12
4890102819	Herbicide	targets plants	13
4890102820	Broad spectrum pesticides	designed to kill many different types of pests	14
4890102821	Selective pesticides	designed to kill a narrower range of organisms	15
4890102822	Persistent	pesticides that remain in the environment a long time	16
4890102823	Nonpersistent	pesticide that breaks down relatively rapidly, usually in weeks to months	17
4890102824	Bioaccumulation	some pesticides are found to build-up over time in the fatty tissues of predators	18
4890102825	Resistance	pest populations may evolve resistance to a pesticide over time	19
4890102826	Pesticide treadmill	the cycle of pesticide development followed by pest resistance, followed by development of a new pesticide	20
4890102827	Benefits of Genetic Engineering	Greater yield Greater food quality Reductions in pesticide use Reduction of world hunger by increased food production Increased profits	21
4890102828	Concerns about GMO's	Safety for human consumption Effects on biodiversity Regulation of genetically modified organisms	22
4890102829	Conventional agriculture	industrial agriculture where labor is reduced and machinery is used	23
4890102830	Traditional farming	still used in the developing world where human labor is used and not machinery	24
4890102831	Shifting agriculture	used in areas with nutrient-poor soils; involves planting an area for a few years until the land is depleted of nutrients and then moving to another area and repeating the process	25
4890102832	Nomadic grazing	moving herds of animals to find productive feeding grounds	26
4890102833	Desertification	soil is degraded by agriculture to the point at which they are not longer productive	27
4890102834	Sustainable agriculture	producing enough food to feed the world's population without destroying the land, polluting the environment, or reducing biodiversity; next four are examples	28
4890102835	Intercropping	two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time	29
4890102836	Crop rotation	rotating crops species from season to season	30
4890102837	Agroforestry	intercropping trees with vegetables	31
4890102838	Contour plowing	plowing and harvesting parallel to the land to prevent erosion	32
4890102839	No till agriculture	helps to stop soil degradation by leaving crop residues in the fields and not tilling the land after each harvest	33
4890102840	Integrated pest management	using a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs; crop rotation, intercropping, planting pest resistant crop varieties, creating habitats for predators, and limited use of pesticides	34
4890102841	Organic agriculture	production of crops without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers	35
4890102842	CAFO (concentrated animal feeding operations)	large structures where animals are being raised in high density numbers	36
4890102843	Fishery	a commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region	37
4890102844	Fishery collapse	the decline of a fish population by 90% or more	38
4890102845	Bycatch	unintentional catch of non-target species	39
4890102846	Aquaculture	the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds	40