AP Biology: Meiosis Flashcards

5639292477	Oogenesis	Eggs in ovaries halted before anaphase I meiosis I completed during maturation meiosis 2 completed after fertilization	0
5639292478	Nondisjunction	problems with meitotic spindle fibers cause Incorrect # of chromosomes because chromosomes don't separate properly	1
5639292479	Nondisjunction in meiosis I	Homologous chromosomes do not separate properly (all cells abnormal)	2
5639292480	Nondisjunction in meiosis 2	Half cells abnormal, sister chromatids fail to separate in meiosis 2	3
5639292481	Trisomy disorder	2n+1, cells have 3 copies of one chromosome	4
5639292482	Monosomy disorder	Cells have only one copy of a chromosome	5
5639292483	Syndrome	A survivable chromosomal mutation	6
5639292484	Down syndrome	3 copies of chromosome 21, the smallest chromosome, not least amount of genes, frequency correlates with age of mother	7
5639292485	Prophase II	Spindle apparatus forms, chromatids still held at centromere	8
5639292486	Telophase I and Cytokinesis	Cell has haploid set of chromosomes, cytokinesis creates cleavage furrow creating 2 cells, no replication between m I and m II	9
5639292487	Metaphase II	Chromosomes position on metaphase plate, chromatids not genetically identical cuz of m I crossing over, kinetochores attach to spindle fibers	10
5639292488	Anaphase II	Breakdown of proteins holding sister chromatids together, chromatids separate moving to opposite poles of cells,	11
5639292489	Telephase II and cytokinesis	Nuclei form with haploid number of chromosomes, each 4 new cells genetically distinct	12
5639292490	Heredity	The transmission of traits from one generation to the next	13
5639292491	Variation	Differences between members of the same species	14
5639292492	Genetics	The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation	15
5639292493	Gametes	A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote	16
5639292494	Somatic Cell	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg	17
5639292495	Locus	A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located	18
5639292496	Asexual Reproduction	The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs w/o fusion of gametes. In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent	19
5639292497	Clone	A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells	20
5639292498	Sexual Reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the parents	21
5639292499	Life Cycle	The generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism	22
5639292500	Karyotype	A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape	23
5639292501	Homologous Chromosomes	A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possesses genes for the same characters at corresponding loci	24
5639292502	Sex Chromosomes	A chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual	25
5639292503	Autosome	A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome	26
5639292504	Diploid Cell	A cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent	27
5639292505	Haploid Cell	A cell containing only one set of chromosomes	28
5639292506	Fertilization	The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote	29
5639292507	Zygote	The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg	30
5639292508	Meiosis	A modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells w/ half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	31
5639292513	Meiosis I	The first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with 1/2 the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	32
5639292514	Meiosis II	The second division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells w/ half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell	33
5639292515	Prophase I	Chromosomes condense, crossing over, Synapsis, centrosome, movement, chiasmata, micro tubules attach to centromeres	34
5639292516	Synapsis	The pairing and physical connection of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis	35
5639292517	Tetrad	A set of 4 chromatids	36
5639292518	Crossing Over	The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis	37
5639292520	Metaphase I	Chromosomes line up on plate crossed over with independent assortment, chromosomes attached to micro tubule,	38
5639292521	Anaphase I	Proteins holding chromatids together break down, chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell,	39
5639292522	Recombinant Chromosomes	A chromosome created when crossing over combines the DNA from two parents into a single chromosome	40
5639292523	Independent Assortment	The process of random segregation and assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis resulting in the production of genetically unique gametes	41
5639292524	Random Fertilization	Any possible egg can be fertilized by any possible sperm	42
5639292525	How are karyotypes prepared?	By pairing up chromosomes based on size centromere location and staining patterns on a computer	43
5639292526	What are the 3 steps of crossing over?	Breakage of DNA Crossing over Refusal of DNA	44
5639292527	What happens to to most chromosomal mutations?	The baby will be aborted with high frequency, too disastrous, developmental problems result from biochemical imbalance, certain conditions tolerated	45