AP Biology Cell Cycle Flashcards

5600669884	Mitosis	Cell division that produces normal cells, produces two identical daughter cells.	0
5600669885	Meiosis	Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms, produces four identical daughter cells.	1
5600669887	Centrioles	In animal cells, a pair of centrioles organize microtubules into spindle fibers. These guide chromosomes in mitosis.	2
5600669888	IPMAT	Pneumonic device to remember the stages and order of cell division: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.	3
5600669889	Interphase	90% of the cell cycle. The cell does its "everyday job": RNA is produced, proteins are synthesized. The cell is preparing for duplication -- it is ready whenever it is triggered.	4
5600669891	G1 Phase	Initiated by a signal to divide. 1st growth period of the cell. Cell does its "everyday job." Cell grows, preparing for division.	5
5600669892	S Phase	DNA Synthesis. The cell copies chromosomes.	6
5600669893	Chromatin	The DNA-Protein complex formed when DNA molecules wrap around histone proteins.	7
5600669894	Chromosomes	A doubled rod of condensed chromatin; contains DNA that carries genetic information.	8
5623551779	4N	Tretaploid, four copies of each chromosome, a cell ready for division	9
5600669895	Centromeres	Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached.	10
5600669896	Sister Chromatids	Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis.	11
5600669897	Homologous Chromosomes	Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis. Code for the same gene, but may have different alleles.	12
5600669898	G2 Phase	The cell prepares for division. Cell grows even more. Produces more organelles, proteins, and membranes.	13
5600669901	Prophase	Chromatin condenses. Centrioles move to opposite poles of cell. Protein fibers cross cell to form mitotic spindle. Nuclear membrane breaks down.	14
5600669903	Prometaphase	Transition to metaphase. Spindle fibers attach to centromeres. Microtubules attach at kinetochores. Chromosomes begin moving.	15
5600669904	Kinetochores	Attachments between the microtubules and sister chromatids.	16
5623413613	spindle	fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis	17
5600669906	Metaphase	Chromosomes align along middle of cell, ensuring chromosomes separate properly.	18
5600669907	Metaphase Plate	Plane midway between the two poles of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase.	19
5600669909	Anaphase	Sister chromatids separate at kinetochores. Poles move farther apart.	20
5600669912	Chromosome Movement	Kinetochores use motor proteins that "walk" chromosomes along attached microtubule. Microtubule shortens by dismantling at kinetochore.	21
5600669913	Telophase	Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles. Spindle fibers disperse. Cytokinesis begins.	22
5600669915	Cytokinesis in Plants	A cell plate forms between the divided nuclei that develops into cell membranes. A cell wall then forms in between the two new membranes	23
5600669916	Cytokinesis in Animals	Constriction belt of actin microfilaments around equator of cell. Cleavage furrow forms. Splits cell in two, like tightening a draw string.	24
5600669917	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	25
5600669918	Cytokinesis in Plants	Cell plate forms from vesicles lining up at the equator. They proceed to fuse and form two cell membranes. A new cell wall is laid between membranes. The new cell wall fuses with the existing cell wall.	26
5600669919	Evolution of Mitosis	In, eukaryotes likely evolved from binary fission in bacteria (single circular chromosome with no membrane bound organelles).	27
5600684204	Cancer	A collection of related diseases in which cells divide uncontrollably	28
5600694557	G1 checkpoint	At the end of G1 phase, if cell is not ready to divide it may arrest here (G0 phase - nerve and muscle cells remain here, rarely divide after maturing) and never proceed or wait until it is ready.	29
5600718816	S checkpoint	DNA damage checkpoint: DNA recplication halted if genome is damage	30
5623281786	cyclin	one of a family of proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells	31
5623325630	gamete	A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	32
5623327866	zygote	A fertilized egg	33
5623382762	binary fission	A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size	34
5623400924	budding	Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism	35
5623418992	parthenogenesis	Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. No males involved.	36
5623430112	chiasmata	The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.	37
5623439972	crossing over	Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.	38
5623444913	point of sexual reproduction	increase variation in offspring, increase diversity in a population	39
5623459992	DNA replication	DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. In it's new home each side of the DNA strand attack to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies. It is important in puberty and other times of growth as it is the reproducing of your cells.	40
5623463642	DNA Polymerase III	An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of a DNA strand in the 5' → 3' direction.	41
5623471741	DNA Ligase	A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain.	42
5623474700	DNA Helicase	An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication	43
5623484965	semi-conservative replication	in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new	44
5623492812	Meselson and Stahl experiment	Cultured bacteria in a medium containing heavy Nitrogen (15N) then moved them to a medium containing light Nitrogen (14N). Here they allowed the bacteria to replicate and divide once. The new strands possessed one heavy strand and one light strand.	45
5623505320	Okazaki fragments	Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.	46
5623509230	leading strand	the new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' --> 3' direction	47
5623511343	lagging strand	The newly forming daughter strand of DNA that is replicated in a discontinuous fashion, via Okazaki fragments that will ultimately be ligated together; the daugther strand that is replicated in the opposite direction that parallel DNA is unwinding	48
5623519280	RNA Primase	An enzyme that creates an single stranded RNA primer, which serves as a starting point for DNA replication.	49