APES - Unit 4: Biodiversity Flashcards

5276353889	Climate	average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period of time.	0
5276355950	Weather	short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area, which include temperature, moisture, air pressure and wind.	1
5276359200	Troposphere	thin layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of the earth in which temperature decreases with altitude.	2
5276361501	Stratosphere	layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, in which temperature increases with altitude.	3
5276365428	Albedo	the percentage of incoming solar radiation that is reflected from a surface.	4
5276368683	Saturation point	the maximum amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature.	5
5276369527	Adiabatic cooling	the cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands.	6
5276371938	Adiabatic heating	the heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of the Earth and decreases in volume.	7
5276374972	Latent heat release	release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water.	8
5276379316	Atmospheric convection current	global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of Earth.	9
5276382357	Hadley cell	an atmospheric convection current that cycles between the equator and 30 degrees north latitude and 30 degrees south latitude.	10
5276392264	Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)	the latitude that receives the most intense sunlight, which causes the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells to converge.	11
5276398536	Polar cell	an atmospheric convection current formed by rising air at 60 degrees north and south latitudes and sinks at the poles.	12
5276409613	Ferrell cell	an atmospheric convection current formed by the movement of the Hadley cells and Polar cells.	13
5276420452	Coriolis effect	the deflection of an object's (wind) path due to the rotation of the Earth.	14
5276425318	Rain shadow	a region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side of the mountains.	15
5349991471	Terrestrial biome	geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation and distinctive plant growth forms on land	16
5349999908	Aquatic biome	an aquatic region characterized by a particular combination of salinity, depth and water flow.	17
5350004473	Tundra	a cold and treeless biome with low growing vegetation	18
5350007952	Permafrost	impermeable, permanently frozen layer of soil	19
5350010582	Boreal forest	forest biome made up primarily of coniferous evergreen trees that can tolerate cold winters and short growing seasons	20
5350025944	Temperate rainforest	coastal biome typified by moderate temperatures and high precipitation	21
5350029563	Temperate seasonal forest	biome with warm summers and cold winters with over 39 inches of annual precipitation	22
5350039737	Woodland/Shrubland	biome characterized by hot, dry summer and mild rainy winters	23
5350049901	Temperate grassland/cold desert	biome characterized by cold, harsh winters and hot, dry summers	24
5350056457	Tropical rainforest	warm and wet biome found between 20N and 20S latitudes with little seasonal temperature variation and high precipitation	25
5350074733	Tropical seasonal forest / savannah	biome marked by warm temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons	26
5350080305	Subtropical desert	biome prevailing at about 30N and 30S with hot temperatures, extremely dry conditions and sparse vegetation.	27
5366750720	Species richness	number of species in a given area	28
5366701913	Species evenness	relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area	29
5366704440	Phylogeny	branching pattern of evolutionary relationships	30
5366705288	Evolution	change in the genetic composition of a population over time	31
5366707206	Microevolution	evolution below the species level	32
5366708200	Macro evolution	evolution that gives rise to a new species, genera, families, classes or phyla.	33
5366710012	Gene	physical location on the chromosome within each cell of an organism	34
5366711657	Genotype	complete set of genes in an individual	35
5366712464	Phenotype	set of traits expressed by an individual	36
5366714146	Mutation	random change in the genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process	37
5366714871	Recombination	genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division	38
5366717966	Evolution by artificial selection	process in which humans determine which individuals breed, typically with a preconceived set of traits in mind.	39
5366724334	Evolution by natural selection	process in which the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce.	40
5366727968	Fitness	an individual's ability to survive and reproduce	41
5366729226	Adaptation	a trait that improves an individuals fitness	42
5366730553	Gene flow	process by which individuals move from one population to another and thereby alter the genetic composition of both populations	43
5366737502	Genetic drift	a change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating	44
5366739302	Bottleneck effect	a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size	45
5366742643	Extinction	the death of the last member of a species	46
5366743259	Founder effect	a change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals	47
5395893588	Geographic isolation	physical separation of a group of individuals from others of the same species	48
5395923663	Allopatric speciation	process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation	49
5395925360	Reproductive isolation	result of two populations within a species evolving separately to the point that they can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring.	50
5395927289	Sympatric speciation	evolution of one species into two without geographic isolation	51
5395929508	Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)	an organism produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting then into another species	52
5395931955	Range of tolerance	limit to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate	53
5395932548	Fundamental niche	suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow and reproduce	54
5395933866	Realized niche	range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives	55
5395934953	Distribution	areas of the world in which a species lives	56
5395937534	Niche generalist	species that can live under a wide range of abiotic and biotic conditions	57
5395938303	Niche specialist	species that is specialized to line a specific habitat or to feed on a small group of species	58
5395940487	Mass extinction	large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time	59
5424360624	Endemic species	a species that lives in a very small area of the world and nowhere else	60
5424363868	Biodiversity hotspot	an area that contains a high proportion of all the species found on Earth	61
5424371442	IUCN Threatened species	according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), species that have a high risk of extinction in the future	62
5424376222	Near-threatened species	species that are very likely to become threatened in the future	63
5424379549	Least concern species	species that are widespread and abundant	64
5424382760	Intrinsic value	value independent of any benefit to humans	65
5424384841	Instrumental value	worth as an instrument or a tool that can be used to accomplish a goal	66
5424387434	Provision	a good that humans can use directly	67
5424399451	Native species	species that line in their historic range, typically where they have lived for thousands or millions of years	68
5424402912	Exotic species	species living outside its historic range (AKA alien species)	69
5424406277	Invasive species	species (usually exotic) that spreads rapidly across large areas and is likely to cause harm	70
5424415021	Lacey Act	U.S. act that prohibits interstate shipping of all illegally harvested plants and animals	71
5424424366	Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora	CITES - 1973 treaty formed to control the international trade of threatened plants and animals	72
5424433966	IUCN Red List	list of worldwide threatened species	73
5424458005	Marine Mammal Protection Act	1972 US act to protect declining populations of marine mammals	74
5424463992	Endangered species	species that is in danger of extinction within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range	75
5424471792	US Threatened species	according to the US legislation, any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range	76
5424507195	Convention on Biological Diversity	international treaty to help protect biodiversity	77
5424510931	Edge habitat	habitat that occurs where two different communities come together, typically forming an abrupt transition, such as where a grassy field meets a forest	78
5424515893	Biosphere reserve	protected area consisting of zones that vary in the amount of permissible human impact	79