AP Lang Flashcards

7214262335	Ad Hominem	An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack	0
7214262336	Adjective	The part of speech (or word class) that modifies a noun or a pronoun	1
7214262337	Adverb	The part of speech (or word class) that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb	2
7214262338	Allegory	Extending a metaphor so that objects, persons, and actions in a text are equated with meanings that lie outside the text. Example: Tortoise and the Hare	3
7214262339	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	4
7219322997	Allusion	A brief, usually indirect reference to a person, place, or event--real or fictional	5
7219325612	Ambiguity	The presence of two or more possible meanings in any passage. Example: Bat, Ruler.	6
7219327774	Analogy	Reasoning or arguing from parallel cases	7
7219329298	Anaphora	The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses	8
7219332520	Antecedent	The noun or noun phrase referred to by a pronoun.	9
7219334909	Antithesis	The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases	10
7219337385	Aphorism	A tersely phrased statement of truth or opinion. Example: There's no time like the present.	11
7219341152	Apostrophe	A rhetorical term for breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing.	12
7219344681	Appeal to Authority	A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect of people have for a famous person or institution	13
7219348204	Appeal to Ignorance	A fallacy that uses an opponent's inability to disprove a conclusion as proof of the conclusion's correctness	14
7219351309	Argument	A course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating truth or falsehood	15
7219352984	Assonance	The identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words. Example: The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plains.	16
7219354697	Asyndeton	The omission of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses (opposite of polysyndeton). Example: He was bag of bones, a floppy doll, a broken stick, a maniac. (Kerouac, On the Road 1957)	17
7219357811	Character	An individual (usually a person) in a narrative(usually a work of fiction or creative nonfiction)	18
7219360348	Chiasmus	A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed. Example: I meant what I said and said what I meant.	19
7219362458	Circular Argument	An argument that commits the logical fallacy of assuming what it is attempting to prove.	20
7219364757	Claim	An arguable statement, which may be a claim of fact, value, or policy	21
7219366172	Clause	A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate	22
7219368967	Climax	Mounting by degrees through words or sentences of increasing weight and in parallel construction with an emphasis on the high point or culmination of a series of events	23
7219373665	Colloquial	Characteristic of writing that seeks the effect of informal informal spoken language as distinct from formal or literary English. Example: Mom -> Mother Daddy -> Father	24
7219377829	Comparison	A rhetorical strategy in which a writer examines similarities and or differences between two people, places, ideas, or objects	25
7219382022	Complement	A word or word group that completes the predicate in a sentence	26
7219383908	Concession	An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point.	27
7219388426	Confirmation	The main part of a text in which logical arguments in support of a position are elaborated	28
7219392459	Conjunction	The part of speech (or word class) that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences	29
7219395597	Connotation	The emotional implications and associations that a word may carry	30
7219396613	Coordination	The grammatical connection of two or more ideas to give them equal emphasis and importance. Contrast with subordination	31
7219398589	Deduction	A method of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the stated premises	32
7219401056	Denotation	The direct or dictionary meaning of a word, in contrast to its figurative or associated meanings	33
7219403602	Dialect	A regional or social variety of language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, and or vocabulary	34
7219406157	Diction	The choice and use of words in speech or writing	35
7219408208	Diction	A way of speaking, usually assessed in terms of prevailing standards of pronunciation and elocution	36
7219411521	Aphorism	A brief statement of a principle	37
7219412140	Didactic	Intended or inclined to teach or instruct, often excessively	38
7219413651	Encomium	A tribute or eulogy in prose or verse gloryifying people, objects, ideas or events	39
7219417295	Epiphora/Epistrophe	The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of several clauses	40
7219419740	Epitaph	A short inscription in prose or verse on a tombstone or monument	41
7219422137	Epitaph	A statement or speech commemorating someone who has died; a funeral oration	42
7219425841	Ethos	A persuasive appeal based on the projected character of the speaker or narrator	43
7219427708	Eulogy	A formal expression of praise for someone who has recently died	44
7219429363	Euphemism	The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit	45
7219432162	Exposition	A statement or type of composition intended to give information about (or an explanation of) an issue, subject, method, or idea	46
7219437094	Extended Metaphor	A comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem	47
7219441688	Fallacy	An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid	48
7219442659	False Dilemma	A fallacy of oversimplification that offers a limited number of options (usually two) when in fact more options are available	49
7219446417	Figurative Language	Language which figures of speech (such as metaphors, similes, and hyperbole) freely occur	50
7219450955	Flashback	A shift in narrative to earlier event that interrupts the normal chronological development of a story	51
7219454438	Genre	A category of artistic composition, as in film or literature, marked by a distinctive style, form, or contact	52
7219460329	Hasty Generalization	A fallacy in which a conclusion is not logically justified by sufficient or unbiased evidence	53
7219462055	Hyperbole	A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect; an extravagant statement	54
7219465308	Imagery	Vivid descriptive language that appeals to one or more of the senses	55
7219467982	Induction	A method of reasoning by which a rhetor collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances	56
7219472102	Invective	Denunciatory or abusive language; discourse that casts blame on somebody or something	57
7219472856	Irony	The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the meaning is directly contradicted by the appearance o presentation of the idea	58
7219479135	Isocolon	A succession of phrases of approximately equal length and corresponding structure	59
7222083896	Jargon	The specialized language of a professional, occupational, or other group, often meaningless to outsiders	60
7222083897	Litotes	A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite	61
7222083898	Loose Sentence	A sentence structure in which a main clause is followed by subordinate phrases and clauses. Contrast with periodic sentence	62
7222083899	Metaphor	A figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something important in common	63
7222083900	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as "crown" for "royalty"	64
7222083901	Mode of discourse	They way in which information is presented in a text. The four traditional modes are narration, description, exposition, and argument	65
7222083902	Mood	The quality of a verb that conveys the writers attitude toward a subject	66
7222083903	Mood	The emotion evoked by a text	67
7222083904	Narrative	A rhetorical strategy that recounts a sequence of events, usually in chronological order	68
7222083905	Noun	The part of speech (or world class) that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or action	69
7222083906	Onomatopoeia	The formation of use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to	70
7222083907	Oxymoron.	A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side	71
7222083908	Paradox	A statement that appears to contradict itself	72
7222083909	Parallelism	The similarity of a structure in a or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	73
7222083910	Parody	A literary or artistic work that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a work for comic effect or ridicule	74
7292457179	Pathos	The means of persuasion that appeals to the audience's emotions	75
7292460194	Periodic Sentence	A long and frequently involved sentence, marked by suspended syntax, in which the sense is not completed until the final word--usually with an emphatic climax	76
7292471518	Personification	A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities	77
7292477356	Point of View	The perspective from which a speaker of writer tells a story or presents information.	78
7292481891	Predicate	One of the two main parts of a sentence or clause, modifying the subject and including the verb, objects, or phrases governed by the verb.	79
7292489546	Pronoun	A word (a part of speech or word class) that takes the place of a noun.	80
7292493092	Prose	Ordinary writing (both fiction and nonfiction) as distinguished from the verse	81
7292497824	Refutation	The part of an argument wherein a speaker or writer anticipates and counters opposing points of view.	82
7292502500	Repetition	An instance of using a word, phrase, or clause more than once in a short passage--dwelling on a point.	83
7292510749	Rhetoric	The study and practice of effective communication	84
7292516791	Rhetorical Question	A question merely for effect with no answer expected	85
7292518729	Running Style	Sentence style that appears to follow the mind as it worries as problem through, mimicking the "rambling, associative syntax of conversation"--Opposite of periodic sentence style.	86
7292541237	Sarcasm	A mocking, often ironic or satirical remark.	87
7292542788	Satire	A text or performance that uses irony, derision, or wit to expose or attack human vice, foolishness, or stupidity	88
7292547857	Simile	A figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly compared, usually in a phrase introduced by "like" or "as"	89
7292554656	Style	Narrowly interpreted as those figures that ornament speech or writing; broadly, as representing manifestation of the person speaking or writing	90
7292560580	Subject	The part of the sentence or clause that indicates what it is about	91
7292563185	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion	92
7292567776	Subordination	Words, phrases, and clauses that make one element of a sentence dependent on (or subordinate to) another. Contrast with coordination.	93
7292573923	Symbol	A person, place, action, or thing that (by association, resemblance, or convention) represents something other than itself	94
7292581231	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole or the whole for a part Examples: Dish (referring to a whole plate of food) Hand (for help)	95
7292587197	Syntax	The study of the rules that govern the way words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences	96
7292591424	Syntax	The arrangement of words in sentence	97
7292611614	Thesis	The main idea of an essay or report, often written as a single declarative sentence.	98
7292616169	Tone	A writer's attitude toward the subject and audience. Primarily conveyed through diction, point of view, syntax, and level of formality.	99
7292623645	Transition	The connection between two parts of a piece of writing, contributing to coherence.	100
7292634380	Understatement	A figure of speech in which a writer deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serios than it is.	101
7292640636	Verb	The part of speech ( or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being.	102
7292645308	Voice	The quality of a verb that indicates whether its subject acts (active voice) or is acted upon (passive voice).	103
7292652420	Voice	The distinctive style or manner of expression of an author or narrator	104
7292656896	Zeugma	The use of a word to modify or govern two or more words although its use may be grammatically or logically correct with only one. Example: She was upstairs, and her children downstairs.	105