APES Chapter 8 Flashcards

4889457889	Earths Layers		0
4889457890	Core	the innermost zone of the planet made of nickel and iron. Solid interior & liquid outer core Outer layer of core is + 3,000 C heat from radioactive decay and friction	1
4889457891	Mantle	above the core containing magma	2
4889457892	Crust	the outermost layer of the planet.	3
4889457893	Asthenosphere and Lithosphere	Asthenosphere- the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock. Lithosphere- the brittle outermost layer of the planet that is approximately 100 km thick.	4
4889457894	Convection	The Earth is very hot at the center. This heat causes plumes of hot magma to well upward from the mantle.	5
4889457895	Plate tectonics	the theory that states that Earth's lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion. Oceanic - plates under oceans Continental - plates under the land masses	6
4889457896	Tectonic plates		7
4889457897	Consequences of Plate Movement	Volcanoes- may occur within a few hundred miles of a subduction zone	8
4889457898	Other Consequences of Plate Movement	also as a plate moves over a hot spot, rising magma forms a volcano	9
4889457899	Hot Spots	places where molten material from the mantle reach the lithosphere.	10
4889457900	Types of Plate Contact	Divergent plate boundaries- when plates move apart from one another. Convergent plate boundaries- when plates move toward one another and collide. Transform fault boundaries- then plates move sideways past each other.	11
4889457901	Faults	a fracture in rock across which there is movement.	12
4889457902	Earthquakes	occur when the rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault.	13
4889457903	Fault zone	large expanses of rock where movement has occurred.	14
4889457904	Epicenter	the exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where the rock ruptures.	15
4889457905	Richter scale	a measure of the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake. The scale increases by a factor of 10, so an earthquake of 7 is 10 times greater than an earthquake of 6.	16
4889457906	The Rock Cycle	the constant formation and destruction of rock.	17
4889457907	The Rock Cycle Continued	Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks Note processes of 1) melting 2) heat and pressure 3) weathering anderosion	18
4889457908	Igneous Rocks	rocks that form directly from magma. Intrusive igneous- form from within Earth as magma cools. Extrusive igneous- from when magma cools above Earth. (ex. A volcano that ejects magma)	19
4889457909	Sedimentary Rocks	form when sediment such as mud, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments. Location of fossils.	20
4889457910	Metamorphic Rocks	form when sedimentary, igneous or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures. Meta = large morphic = change	21
4889457911	Weathering	when rocks are exposed to air, water, certain chemicals or biological agents that degrade the rock. Physical & Chemical	22
4889457912	Physical weathering	the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals. Processes are atmospheric (wind or water) or biological.	23
4889457913	Chemical weathering	the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions Ex/: Acid Precipitation and Acidic Ocean water erodes limestone	24
4889457914	Erosion	the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem. Occurs after weathering. Wind, water, ice transport and living organisms can erode materials.	25
4889457915	Deposition	the accumulation or depositing of eroded material such as sediment, rock fragments or soil. The end of erosion.	26
4889457916	Soil is important because it...	Is a medium for plant growth Serves as a filter for water A habitat for living organisms Serves as a filter for pollutants	27
4889457917	Factors that determine the formation of soil:	Parent material- what the soil is made from influences soil formation Climate- what type of climate influences soil formation Topography- the surface and slope can influence soil formation Organisms- plants and animals can have an effect on soil formation Time- the amount of time a soil has spent developing can determine soil properties.	28
4889457918	Parent Material	the rock material from which soil is derived.	29
4889457919	Soil Horizons	As soils form, they develop characteristics layers	30
4889457920	Soil Horizons Continued	O horizon- (organic layer) composed of the leaves, needles, twigs and animal bodies on the surface. A horizon- (topsoil) the zone of organic material and minerals mixed together. B horizon- (subsoil) composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter C horizon- (parent material) the least weathered horizon and is similar to the parent material.	31
4889457921	Texture	the percentage of sand, silt and clay the soil contains.	32
4889457922	Porosity	how quickly the soil drains (which depends on its texture)	33
4889457923	Chemical Properties of Soil	Cation exchange capacity- the ability of a soil to adsorb and release cations, positively charged mineral ions. Soil bases- calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium Soil Acids- aluminum and hydrogen Base saturation- the proportion of soil bases to soil acids	34
4889457924	Biological Properties of Soil	Many organisms are found in the soil including fungi, bacteria, protozoans, rodents and earthworms.	35
4889457925	Physical Properties of Soil	Texture and Porosity	36
4889457926	Elemental Composition of the Earth's Crust		37
4889457927	Reserves- the known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered.		38
4889457928	types of mining	Surface mining- removing minerals that are close to Earth's surface. Strip mining- removing strips of soil and rock to expose ore. Open pit mining- the creation of a large pit or hole in the ground that is visible from the surface. Mountain top removal- removing the entire top of a mountain with explosives. Placer mining- looking for metals and stones in river sediments	39
4889457929	Subsurface mining	Subsurface mining- mining for resources that are 100 m below Earth's surface.	40
4889457930	Mining Law 1872 Regulation law	governs prospecting and mining on publicly owned land to encourage development; no protections	41
4889457931	Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act 1977	regulate surface coal mining; mandatory standards; adverse impacts on fish, wildlife, and environmental values be minimized	42