AP English Flashcards

9221951000	alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables	0
9221951001	allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or a historic event	1
9221951002	analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things	2
9221951003	anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses	3
9221951004	ancedote	A short account of an interesting event	4
9221951005	annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to the text	5
9221951006	antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers	6
9221951007	antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast	7
9221951008	antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas	8
9221951009	aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth	9
9221951010	appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun	10
9221951011	archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language	11
9221951012	argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence	12
9221951013	Aristotelian triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle)	13
9221951014	assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes argument	14
9221951015	assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof	15
9221951016	asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses	16
9221951017	attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone	17
9221951018	audience	One's listener or readership' those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed	18
9221951019	authority	A reliable, respected source - someone with knowledge	19
9221951020	bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	20
9221951021	cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source	21
9221951022	claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence	22
9221951023	close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text	23
9221951024	colloquial/ism	An informal or conversational use of language	24
9221951025	common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions	25
9221951026	complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	26
9221951027	concession	A reluctant acknowledgement or yielding	27
9221951028	connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation)	28
9221951029	context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning	29
9221951030	coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but	30
9221951031	counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument	31
9221951032	credible	Worthy of belief; trustworthy	32
9221951033	cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail	33
9221951034	declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement	34
9221951035	deduction	Reasoning from general to specific	35
9221951036	denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition	36
9221951037	dialectal journal	A double-column journal in which one writes a quotation in one column and reflections on that quotation in the other column	37
9221951038	diction	Word choice	38
9221951039	documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing	39
9221951040	elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone	40
9221951041	epigram	A brief witty statement	41
9221951042	ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person on of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos)	42
9221951043	explication of text	Explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all of its constituent parts, including the literary devices used; also called close reading	43
9221951044	facts	Information that is true or demonstrable	44
9221951045	figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	45
9221951046	figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning	46
9221951047	fragment	A word, phrase, or clause that does not form a full sentence	47
9221951048	hortatory	Urging, or strongly encouraging	48
9221951049	hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis	49
9221951050	imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)	50
9221951051	imperative sentences	A sentence that requests or commands	51
9221951052	induction	Reasoning from specific to general	52
9221951053	inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject	53
9221951054	irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result	54
9221951055	juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis	55
9221951056	logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos)	56
9221951057	metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison	57
9221951058	metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole	58
9221951059	modifier	A word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause	59
9221951060	narration	Retelling an event or series of events	60
9221951061	nominalization	Turning a verb or adjective into a noun	61
9221951062	occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing	62
9221951063	omniscient narrator	An all-knowing, usually third-person narrator	63
9221951064	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms	64
9221951065	pacing	The relative speed or slowness with which a story is told or an idea is presented	65
9221951066	paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	66
9221951067	parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns	67
9221951068	parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridcule	68
9221951069	pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos)	69
9221951070	periodic sentence	A sentence that builds toward and ends with the main clause	70
9221951071	persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing	71
9221951072	personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects	72
9221951073	polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion	73
9221951074	polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions	74
9221951075	premise; major, minor	Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded Minor premise: All horses are mammals Conclusion: All horses are warm blooded (see syllogism)	75
9221951076	pronoun	A word used to replace a noun or noun phrase	76
9221951077	propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information	77
9221951078	purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	78
9221951079	refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument	79
9221951080	rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion"	80
9221951081	rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation	81
9221951082	rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer	82
9221951083	rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle)	83
9221951084	satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it	84
9221951085	scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	85
9221951086	sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions -- such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex	86
9221951087	sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect	87
9221951088	simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things	88
9221951089	simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause	89
9221951090	source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information	90
9221951091	speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing	91
9221951092	straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position	92
9221951093	style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech	93
9221951094	subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing	94
9221951095	subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause	95
9221951096	subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence	96
9221951097	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor)	97
9221951098	syntax	Sentence structure	98
9221951099	synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex	99
9221951100	thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	100
9221951101	thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit	101
9221951102	tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience	102
9221951103	topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraphs's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis	103
9221951104	trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a non-literal way also called a figure of speech	104
9221951105	understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect	105
9221951106	voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing	106
9221951107	zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs-- often in different, sometimes incongruent ways-- two or more words in a sentence	107