AP Biology Evolution Flashcards

9712009788	homologous structures	structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry	0
9712009789	vestigial structures	remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors	1
9712009790	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	2
9712009791	Hardy-Weinberg	the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work	3
9712009792	gene pool	the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population	4
9712009793	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	5
9712009794	natural selection	a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	6
9712009795	genetic drift	changes in the gene pool due to random events	7
9712009796	founder effect	when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	8
9712009797	bottleneck effect	when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether	9
9712009798	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	10
9712009799	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other	11
9712009800	disruptive selection	when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes	12
9712009801	stabilizing selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants	13
9712009802	sexual selection	a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	14
9712009803	sexual dimorphism	marked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction or survival (differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior)	15
9712009804	diploidy	the state of being diploid, that is having two sets of chromosomes	16
9712009805	heterozygote advantage	when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous	17
9712009806	frequency-dependent selection	fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population	18
9712009807	speciation	the process by which one species splits into two or more species	19
9712009808	microevolution	changes over time in allele frequencies in a population	20
9712009809	macroevolution	the broad pattern of evolution over long time spans	21
9712009810	species	a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups	22
9712009811	reproductive isolation	the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring	23
9712009812	hybrids	offspring that result from interspecific mating	24
9712009813	prezygotic barriers	impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)	25
9712009814	post zygotic barriers	prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown	26
9712009815	allopatric speciation	gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations	27
9712009816	sympatric speciation	speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)	28
9712009817	polyploidy	extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division	29
9712009818	autopolyploid	an individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species	30
9712009819	allopolyploid	an individual that has more than two chromosome sets due to two different species interbreeding and after several generations can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid. Allopolyploids are fertile when mating with each other but cannot interbreed with either parent species	31
9712009820	punctuated equilibrium	the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change	32
9712009823	endosymbiosis	mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells	33
9712009824	adaptive radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities	34
9712009825	homeotic genes	master regulatory genes that determine such basic features as where a pair of wings and a pair of legs will develop on a bird or how a plant's flower parts are arranged	35
9712009826	phylogeny	the evolutionary history of a species or group of species	36
9712009828	phylogenetic tree	evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram	37
9712009829	analogy	similarity due to convergent evolution	38
9712009830	homology	similarity due to shared ancestry	39
9712009831	clade	a group of species which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants	40
9712009836	Darwin's Theory (five parts)	1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)	41
9712009840	abiotic synthesis	formation of organic molecules from inorganic material	42
9712009842	protocell	organic polymers enclosed in a membrane	43
9712009844	geologic timescale	division of the history of Earth into eras, periods and epochs	44
9712009845	extinction	total disappearance of all members of a species	45
9712009846	mass extinction	total disappearance of a large number a species within a few million years	46
9712009847	extant	still in existance	47
9712009848	fitness	ability to produce surviving offspring	48
9712009849	morphological species concept	new species differ by physical characteristics known as diagnostic traits	49
9712009850	evolutionary species concept	members of a species share distinct evolutionary pathway and common traits	50
9712009851	phylogenetic species concept	a family tree is used to identify species based on a common ancestor	51
9712009852	biological species concept	species are identified as separate because of reproductive isolation.	52
9712009853	plate tectonics	branch of geology which follows the movement of pieces of Earth's crust which float on a lower, hot mantle layer	53
9712009854	continental drift	change over time of the positions of the continents	54
9712009855	fossil	remains and traces of evidence of past life	55
9712009856	paleontology	study of the fossil record	56
9712009857	index fossils	fossils used to identify deposits made at apparently the same time in different parts of the world, used for relative dating	57
9712009858	absolute dating	relies on radiometric dating to assign an age to a fossil	58