AP World History Period 4 Key Concepts Flashcards

8351867391	Manchus	a Chinese people who were linked to the Ming, Jin, and Qing dynasties. They ruled over China until 1911, when they were overthrown and a republic was created. During their reign, the Chinese suffered severely.	0
8351867392	Mughals	An empire that dominated much of the Indian subcontinent and up into the middle East, the Mughals were wealthy and powerful. They were agriculturally productive and led by an emperor.	1
8351867393	Ottomans	a powerful Islamic Empire, built on trade and military force. It engaged in trade and served as a Middle man between East and west, but also tried to expand into the Mediterranean.	2
8351867394	Russians	a largely agricultural society, with an economy backed by the labor of serfs. Serfdom was eventually ended by Peter the Great, who Westernized the country and brought it into the modern era. Previously, the country had restricted trade to a few cities.	3
8351867395	Portuguese	dominated the world's seas for much of the age of discovery. Portugese ships and explorers were some of the best in the world, bringing the country wealth and power. The Portugese were the first to circumvent Africa and access the lucrative Indian ocean trade.	4
8351867396	Spanish	competed directly with Portugal and other European empires, establishing colonies in the New World after Columbus' expedition. These colonies helped them to level the playing field with the previously dominant Portugese.	5
8351867397	Dutch	used powerful ships and joint stock companies to establish colonies and embark on lucrative expeditions. The Dutch controlled much of Indonesia, amassing wealth and trade goods from their colonies there.	6
8351867398	French	had a powerful navy, which was often used in conflicts with the British and its other competitors. The French also established colonies in the New World.	7
8351867399	British	navy was well funded and well disciplined, and became a major instrument of national power. At their peak, the British used their naval dominance to control their massive and widespread empire. Their naval bases and ships allowed them to control world trade and gain the upper hand in military matters.	8
8351867400	Astrolabe	A navigational device used to determine time and location using the sun and the stars. Used in maritime exploration	9
8351867401	revised maps	New areas of the world were discovered, and their mapping made navigation easier. This allowed explorers to expand on the explorations of others, and gave people a better idea of the general shape and layout of their world.	10
8351867402	caravels	Fast, highly maneuverable ships used by the portugese in the 15th century to sail the Atlantic Ocean and African Coast.	11
8351867403	Potatoes	Acquired by Europe during the Columbian Exchange, helped to boost the European population leading to an increase in military and economic strength.	12
8351867404	Maize	brought to the old world, where it became one of the continent's most important crops.	13
8351867405	Manioc	Native to South America (also known as Cassava) was brought to Europe, where it diversified food offerings and boosted population.	14
8351867406	sugar	plantations were common in South America, creating a distinct plantation culture that would encourage the triangular trade and spread into North America.	15
8351867407	tobacco	Like sugar, _________ was also grown in the new world for sale in Eurasia. It was a cash crop that brought farmers and plantation owners great wealth	16
8351867408	vodun	An indigenous religion known in the West, spiritual and emphasizes that spells and charms can be used to impact the material world. in Haiti	17
8351867409	Cult	Saints gained followings in Latin America, where churches and monuments were dedicated to them. Some of these saints were worshipped to a greater extent than the principal deities of Christianity were.	18
8351867410	Sikhism	outgrowth of Hinduism that revolves around the importance of spiritual purity and acceptance of the teachings of the Guru in South Asia	19
8351867411	Renaissance	art saw a huge resurgence. Artists used exciting new paints and materials to create extremely realistic and vibrant paintings. One major theme of Renaissance art is that it often tries to capture elements of nature.	20
8351867412	Paintings	in the Middle East and South Asia. Miniature. often detailing religious figures, were a common sight in these areas. They were less expensive than their large counterparts, meaning that a middle or working class family could use them to decorate their home.	21
8351867413	Wood block printing	became a major art form in Japan, and remains a distinctively Eastern art form even to this day. The subject matter was often based in nature.	22
8351867414	Post-conquest codices	in Mesoamerica. These books were written to chronicle the acts of emperors and people of power during conquests, often with a strong propaganda slant.	23
8351867415	Shakespeare	formed the basis for most of modern Western literature. He was extremely popular in London, even among the royal court.	24
8351867416	Cervantes	The Spanish playwright who wrote Don Quixote,is perhaps the most influential of Spain's playwrights and authors.	25
8351867417	Sundiata	The founder of the Mali empire, wrote the Epic of Sundiata, an extremely important piece of work in the African cannon which was largely spread by Griot poets.	26
8351867418	Journey to the West	One of the four great Chinese classical novels, Journey to the West was the Eastern counterpart to the West's Adventures of Marco Polo.	27
8351867419	Kabuki	A Japanese Dance-Drama, performed live on stage. It is a very stylized form of theatre, known for its sophisticated costumes and makeup	28
8351867420	Russian Siberia	Much of the land in here was was non-arable, so it was used as a massive prison colony.	29
8351867421	India cotton	Until the British industrial revolution, India controlled much of the world textile market. They were able to produce textiles more cheaply than Britain and other European nations.	30
8351867422	Chinese silk	The silk worm is indigenous to China, so China's silk industry was unique. Silk quickly became one of China's premiere trade goods, creating a massive network of trade routes.	31
8351867423	Chattel slavery	A system of slavery in which slaves and their offspring are treated as personal property.	32
8351867424	Indentured servitude	Indentured servitude involves a person working as an unpaid servant until a debt is fulfilled. In the Americas, a shopkeeper or merchant might pay a young man's way across the Atlantic in exchange for several years of free labour.	33
8351867425	Encomieda and hacienda systems	A legal system that was used in Spanish colonies to control the indigenous Americans in the regions. It was often brutal and unfair, designed to maximize Spanish profit.	34
8351867426	Spanish adaption of the Inca mit'a	a form of servitude that bordered on slavery. It was used by the Spanish to control indigenous peoples.	35
8351867427	Creole	in Spanish America had dominion over the region's indigenous peoples. They were near the top of the Spanish colonial hierarchy, and were given legal and political advantages. Parents were peninsulares	36
8351867428	European gentry	often heavily influenced governments and cultural trends by holding political positions and patronizing the arts.	37
8351867429	Entrepreneurs	Merchants amassed great wealth by buying and selling in port cities. Goods such as spices came from the East and were transported to the West.	38
8351867430	Zamindars	An aristocrat who ruled in the Mughal Empire. The position was hereditary and gave its holder great power over peasants. They often owned large tracts of land New elite	39
8351867431	Nobility	often linked to European monarchs through heredity, and are highly respected to this day. During feudalism, they controlled peasants and knights on their manors	40
8351867432	Daimyo	powerful landowners in feudal Japan. They contracted samurai and taxed the peasants working on their land.	41
8351867433	Mestizo	A person of mixed heritage, were in the middle of Spain's colonial hierarchies, below creoles and above indigenous peoples.	42
8351867434	Mulatto	A person with one white and one black parent. They were below Mestizos in Spain's colonial hierarchy.	43
8351867435	Monumental architecture	is a hallmark of traditional Western civilizations. Monumental buildings were generally built in homage to gods or powerful rulers.	44
8351867436	Urban design	made cities more efficient, and improved the quality of life for those living in them. Urban design included water distribution systems, systems for waste disposal, and the systems of roads and transport ways connecting the city.	45
8351867437	courtly literature	Most literature in the traditional Japanese and Chinese canons center around the imperial court. Unfortunately, this means that most first hand accounts of Chinese and Japanese history has an elitist slant.	46
8351867438	visual arts	prospered during the renaissance; new forms of expression and communication developed and changed, altering the ways in which people related to their world and cultural heritages.	47
8351867439	Divine right	Many European nations used this to legitimize their leaders.	48
8351867440	Shiism	was adopted by the Islamic Safavids as the state religion. The current ruler of the empire adopted it, and it soon spread and grew to become the region's primary religion.	49
8351867441	Aztec human sacrifice	of captured enemies or citizens was often intended to please the gods. They were often killed in elaborate ceremonies with specially made and adorned knives.	50
8351867442	Islam	spread into Africa, where it was adopted by a number of prominent empires. The Songhay encouraged the spread of Islam by building temples and enforcing Islamic laws. However, people were nor forced to convert.	51
8351867443	Confucian rituals	Used to legitimize themselves and show their connection to the system of Confucianism. Chinese emperors public performance of this	52
8351867444	Ottoman treatment of-Muslim subjects	Non-Muslims were taxed more heavily and were deprived of certain political and legal rights afforded to Muslims	53
8351867445	Manchu policies toward Chinese	the Chinese had fewer rights. Although the Manchu initially made an effort to preserve Manchu culture, they eventually absorbed the region's culture and did not force theirs upon the Chinese.	54
8351867446	Republica de Indios	created the Spanish in order to try to make natives "People of reason" and shield them from the "bad examples" provided by other tribes.	55
8351867447	Ottoman devshirme	government took Christian boys from their homes and enrolled them in academies or the military. To stay in the devshirme system, the boys had to convert to Islam.	56
8351867448	Chinese examination system	based on Confucian principles for deciding the composition of a government's bureaucracy.	57
8351867449	Salaried samurai	salaried by a powerful landowner, who relied upon them for defense and contracted them out for the defense of Japan or in other conflicts.	58
8351867450	Omani- European rivalry	Europeans and Arabs struggled for dominance over the Indian ocean trade, which led to several wars. The regions both wanted to have exclusive rights to supply the West with Eastern goods and move Western goods to the East.	59
8351867451	Piracy	revolved around stealing goods and money from Spanish ships in the Caribbean. Some pirates acted independently, while others were privateers, contracted by governments to perform secret attacks.	60
8351867452	Thirty Years War	occurred mainly in what is now Germany, and was a conflict driven by the schism between Catholicism and Protestantism. It caused widespread destruction and involved many of Europe's powers.	61
8351867453	Ottoman-Safavid	The conflict ended a period of almost constant fighting between the two empires. The war ended in a stalemate, as neither army was able to successfully press into the other's territory.	62
8351867454	Food riots	occur during times of famine or draught, when an empire cannot supply enough food for its peoples. These riots destabilize the nations in which they occur, by crippling the image of the government.	63
8351867455	Samurai revolted	for a variety of reasons, including wages and ideology. When they did, they were often able to decimate infrastructure.	64
8351867456	Peasant uprisings	rose up in times of strife and famine, enacting coups or refusing to work. Over history, there have been many of these uprisings and rebellions.	65