AP World History Chapter 7 Vocabulary Flashcards

3890123918	lateen	triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long boons, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship	0
3890165052	al-Mahdi	(r.775-785) third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problems of succession	1
3890190594	Harun al-Rashid	one of the great Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era	2
3890210338	Buyids	regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasid as figureheads	3
3890247008	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century	4
3890281058	Crusades	series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy	5
3890323735	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam	6
3890339527	Ibn Khaldun	(1332-1406) muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generation - strong, weak, dissolute	7
3890380821	Shah-Nama	written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests	8
3892397827	ulama	orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking	9
3892411393	al-Ghazali	(1058-1111) brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama	10
3892422680	Mongols	central Asian nomadic people; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captures Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph	11
3892440479	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as for west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world	12
3892466986	Hulegu	(1217-1265) ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257	13
3892489462	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance	14
3892500094	Muhammad ibn Qasim	(661-750) Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus Valley to be part of Umayyad Empire	15
3892510299	Mahmud of Ghazni	(971-1030) third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression	16
3892531028	Muhammad of Ghur	(1173-1206) military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought mush of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control	17
3892550649	Qutb-ud-din Aibak	lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sutton of India (r.1206-1210)	18
3892568882	bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu	19
3892584752	Mira Bai	(1498-1547) celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women	20
3892591320	Kabir	(1440-1518) Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	21
3892618845	Shrivijaya	trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall open up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion	22
3892636326	Malacca	Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands	23
3892675212	Demak	most powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as a point of dissemination to other ports	24