AP World History Review Era III Flashcards

6665046920	Mecca	Muslim holy city. Located in modern-day Saudi Arabia. Hometown of Muhammad. Muslims pilgrimage there as part of their worship. Thriving trade city.	0
6665046921	Yathrib (Medina)	City where Muslims moved to after leaving Mecca. Headed by Muhammad.	1
6665046922	Talas River	Battle there between China and Islam. Ended Tang dynasty. Began spread of Islam to Turks.	2
6665046923	Bagdad	Capital of Abbasid administration.	3
6665046924	Al-Andalus	Islamic Spain. Incredibly prosperous. Ruled by remaining Umayyads.	4
6665046925	Abu Bakr	Successor of Muhammad. Not a prophet, but a leader for the umma.	5
6665046926	Sufis	Islamic mystics/missionaries. Very extreme (ascetic, pious).	6
6665046927	Sunni	"Traditionalists"- stuck with Umayyads.	7
6665046928	Shia	Sect of Islam. Recognized Ali as leader, wanted to trace through his lineage (lineage of Muhammad). Different from Sunni doctrines.	8
6665046929	dar al-Islam	"House of Islam"- referred to the lands ruled by Islam. Had a ton of different cultures, spawned its own culture/society.	9
6665046930	Hijra	"Migration"- marks beginning of Muslim year.	10
6665046931	Sharia	Muslim holy law. Came from Quran/leaders. Covered marriage, political legitimacy, economic relationships, and crime.	11
6665046932	Umma	"Community of the faithful"- Muslim community in Medina with own social/legal/economic code.	12
6665046933	Ulama	Learned officials. Wanted public policy to align with Quran and Sharia. Had a lot of authority	13
6665046934	Qadis	Muslim judges. Heard cases of law, made decisions based on Quran/Sharia. Lots of authority	14
6665046935	Caravanserai	Inns along land-trade networks where merchants from camel caravans could rest.	15
6665046936	Madrasas	Institutions of higher education. Like colleges.	16
6665046937	Manchuria	Northern China. Controlled by Tang, conquered during Shang.	17
6665046938	Silla, Korea	Capital of Korea. Sort of part of China. Had good relations with China.	18
6665046939	Nara Period	Dynasty (sort of) in Japan modeled after Tang China. Similar to China, still kept some of their own traditions.	19
6665046940	Heian Period	Japan. Very aristocratic, super elegant. Lots of rules and stuff. Very refined.	20
6665046941	Xuanzang	Buddhist monk. Helped bring correct Buddhist doctrine to China	21
6665046942	Minamoto	Japanese clan. Began using shoguns.	22
6665046943	Grand Canal	Series of manmade waterways built during the Sui dynasty. Helped increase crop production . HUGE undertaking- lots of labor.	23
6665046944	Equal-field System	System during Sui Dynasty that provided land to families according to their needs/fertility of the land.	24
6665046945	Kowtow	Ritual performed by envoys from subordinate states in which they showed respect for the emperor (Japan).	25
6665046946	Tributary System	Subordinate lands would recognize the Middle Kingdom as their overlords and would send envoys to pay respect as well as bring gifts.	26
6665046947	Neo-Confucianism	Confucianism of the Song dynasty that reflected Buddhist thought.	27
6665046948	Tale of Genji	Novel by woman Murasaki Shikibu about life in court. Showed what life during the Heian period was like.	28
6665046949	Sind	Indus River Valley in NE India, conquered by Abbasid caliphate. Brought Islam to Sind, but there wasn't a lot of control from leaders.	29
6665046950	Chola	Kingdom in southern India. Great navy. Not centralized. Let local gov't TCOB	30
6665046951	Cambay	Important trade city located in India. Sort of a cross roads. Most important trade center.	31
6665046952	Axum	City in Africa. Very wealthy. Christian. Traded all over.	32
6665046953	Malay Peninsula	By Isthmus of Kra. Between a lot of important trade routes.	33
6665046954	Sumatra	Island home to Sryvijaya.	34
6665046955	Java	Island controlled by Majapahit	35
6665046956	Angkor	Agricultural city in SE Asia. Led by Indian Brahmins	36
6665046957	Strait of Melaka	Strait where a lot of trade went through. Controlled by Melaka. Often pillaged.	37
6665046958	Funan	City near modern-day Vietnam. Controlled trade between India and China. Wealthy.	38
6665046959	Srivijaya	Buddhist state in SE Asia. Controlled trade.	39
6665046960	Singosari	State in SE Asia. Controlled trade. Located on Island of Java.	40
6665046961	Melaka	City/kingdom in SE Asia. Pirate-type place. Controlled trade, got money.	41
6665046962	Harsha	Indian king. Managed to reunite most of Northern India, at least temporarily. Very ambitious. Good, tolerant leader. Wealthy. Still, didn't solidify his reign and his empire was only temporary.	42
6665046963	Sultanate of Delhi	Northern Indian areas conquered by Islam, named the sultanate of Delhi. Not very well organized- no real admin. Sort of a weird sultanate.	43
6665046964	Mahmud of Ghanzi	Leader of Turks in Afghanistan. Conquered some parts of n. India and Punjab. Plundered a lot. Discouraged Indians from becoming Muslim.	44
6665046965	Dhows	Large ships used by Indians, Persians, and Arabs for trade and transportation	45
6665046966	Junks	Chinese ships, very large, used for trade and transportation	46
6665046967	Temples	Places of worship. Also helped provide education for young boys. Very beneficial, both economically and socially.	47
6665046968	Emporia	Warehouses built by merchants in India, where goods were stored between monsoons.	48
6665046969	Bhakti movement	Cult adopted in India to get rid of all differences between Hinduism and Islam	49
6665046970	Angkor Wat	Temple complex in city of Angkor. Hindu. Built to honor Vishnu.	50
6665046971	Vishnu and Shiva	Hindu gods. Often had cult followings. Vishnu = preserver of the world. Shiva = bringer and taker of life.	51
6665046972	Bosporus	Strait by Constantinople. Separated Asia and Europe. A lot of trade passed through, and it provided protection from sea.	52
6665046973	Tours	City in central France. In a battle there, armies prevented Muslims from expanding and spreading Islam. Kept Christianity in power in Europe.	53
6665046974	Russia	Kingdom north of Byzantine, had a lot of influence from Byzantine	54
6665046975	St. Cyril & Methodius	Orthodox monks who created Cyrillic alphabet.	55
6665046976	Theodora	Wife of Justinian, great advisor to him.	56
6665046977	Saljuq Turks	Muslim Turks. Invaded part of Byzantine (Anatolia). Let to Byzantine's downfall.	57
6665046978	Charles Martel	Founder of Carolingian dynasty in France. Played a huge role in the Battle of Tours.	58
6665046979	Vladimir of Kiev	Russian prince. Converted to Orthodox Christianity. Opened a gate for Byzantine culture to spread through Russia.	59
6665046980	Charlemagne	First emperor to be appointed by the pope. Originally Frankish ruler. Promoted Christianity throughout Europe.	60
6665046981	Pope Gregory	Did a lot for the Catholic church. Claimed Rome as ultimate church authority. Emphasized penance for sins. Helped Christianity gain a foothold in much of Europe. Began papal supremacy.	61
6665046982	Icon	Religious images used in Eastern Orthodox worship. Often paintings of Jesus and saints.	62
6665046983	Caesaropapism	Idea that the emperor didn't just deal with politics, but also had a hand in the church. Began with Constantine.	63
6665046984	Justinian's Code	Justinian took the Roman laws and organized and condensed them to make a more manageable law code.	64
6665046985	Schism of 1054	Split between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. Permanently changed Christianity.	65
6665046986	Cyrillic Alphabet	Created by Orthodox priests and taught to Russians and Slavs based on spoken language. Still used today.	66
6665046987	Theme System	A system of imperial provinces used by Byzantines. Headed by a general. Also a labor system.	67
6665046988	Iconoclasm	Destruction of icons in worship. Initiated by Leo III. Wasn't accepted well, since it was popular among commoners.	68
6665046989	Feudalism	One kingdom ruled by lords, who maintained manors and stuff.	69
6665046990	Manor/Manorialism	Community with a distinct social order and was self sustained. At the top were lords, and serfs worked the land.	70
6665046991	Serf	Peasant that worked and lived on a manor. Sort of like an indentured servant. Bound to the manor.	71
6665046992	Karkorum	Mongol capital. Central Asia. Lots of roads led there.	72
6665046993	Manzikert	Place of battle between Saljuq Turks and Byzantine army.	73
6665046994	Samarkland	Capital built by Tamerlane. Part of the Khanate of Chaghatai.	74
6665046995	Istanbul	Formerly Constantinople. Overtaken by Ottoman Turks, who renamed it.	75
6665046996	Turks	Nomadic people from central Asia. Good conquerors, horsemen, excellent military	76
6665046997	Mongols	Nomadic people from steppes of eastern Asia. Good conquerors. Established largest land empire. Never centralized by overlords, good with huge empire, brought contact to tons of people.	77
6665046998	Temujin/Genghis Khan	Unified Mongol tribes. Gained loyalty through bravery, daring, prowess. Built up an army (small) with excellent skills, conquered a ton.	78
6665046999	Khubilai Khan	Grandson of Genghis Khan, ruled China. Interested in culture, stayed in China. Good, tolerant ruler. Expanded.	79
6665047000	Marco Polo	Famous traveler from Venice. Visited China, wrote about it and Khubilai Khan.	80
6665047001	Tamerlane	Turkish conqueror. Walked with limp. Good ruler, conquerer, warrior, took over a lot of places.	81
6665047002	Osman	Turkish leader who declared independence from Saljuq, began Ottoman empire.	82
6665047003	Ottomans	Took over Byzantine Empire. Turkish.	83
6665047004	Khan	"Ruler"- controlled leaders of allied tribes in nomadic confederacies.	84
6665047005	Khanate of Chaghatai	Ruled by sons of Chaghatai, descendants of Genghis Khan. In central Asia.	85
6665047006	Khanate of the Great Khan	China. Ruled by Khubilai Khan. Expanded a lot. Wealthiest of the Khanates. Culture remained Chinese, simply ruled by Mongols	86
6665047007	Khanate of the Golden Horde	Part of Russia. Collected tribute. Eventually overthrown.	87
6665047008	Ilkhanate of Persia	Mongol rule in Persia. Fell apart because they weren't good at ruling.	88
6665047009	Lamaist Buddhism	Form of Buddhism that used magic and supernatural powers. Adopted by Mongol rulers in China.	89
6665047010	Resettlement	Mongol practice of relocating conquered people to meet their needs. This integrated people of many different cultures.	90
6665047011	Gao	Trading center, consisted of multiple caravan routes. Good market for metals, cotton, salt, and grains.	91
6665047012	Ghana	Kingdom between Senegal and Niger Rivers. Huge part of gold-salt trade. Rulers taxed gold trade, immensely wealthy.	92
6665047013	Kongo	Kingdom located at basin of Congo River. Very centralized government.	93
6665047014	Mali	Kingdom located along Trans-Saharan trade routes. TONS of wealth from trade. Encouraged spread of Islam. Gained money from taxing trade.	94
6665047015	Timbuktu	City along Trans-Saharan trade. Part of Mali empire. LOTTA WEALTH. Center of Islamic learning.	95
6665047016	Swahili City-States	City-states along coastal East Africa. Wealthy from Indian Ocean trade. Eventually, chiefs became kings that oversaw trade, etc.	96
6665047017	Kilwa	Busiest city-state in east African coast. Traded externally. Very wealthy, prosperous. Used copper coins. Muslim.	97
6665047018	Zimbabwe	Kingdom between Zambesi and Limpopo rivers. Controlled trade between coastal and inland kingdoms.	98
6665047019	Benin	Small kingdom, provided gold for trading.	99
6665047020	Ethiopia	A Christian kingdom. Sort of produced own variation of the religion.	100
6665047021	Sundiata	Crippled, but not useless African king. Established powerful army while exiled. Began Mali empire. Muslim.	101
6665047022	Mansa Musa	Grandson of Sundiata. Took huge caravan with him on his hajj. Immeasurable wealth. Traveled a lot and gave gifts. Built mosques, studied Islam and encouraged such study.	102
6665047023	Ibn Battuta	Moroccan traveler that recorded his discoveries in Africa. Helped keep records so we know more about these kingdoms.	103
6665047024	Kin-Based Societies	Governments and societies based off of families. Smaller societies, with male as head of family. Eventually replaced with chiefdoms, then kingdoms. Didn't entirely disappear.	104
6665047025	Camels/Camel Saddles	Mammal. Good for long-distance trade and travel. Saddles took advantage of camels' unique shape. Especially useful in deserts because they could store water.	105
6665047026	Age Grades/Age Sets	Groups of people divided by age according to specific "landmark" points in their lives- ie) marriage, housebuilding.	106
6665047027	Diviners	People who were connected with both the physical and spiritual world. Helped make sense of the supernatural.	107
6665047028	Normandy	Peninsula occupied by various dukes. Home to William the Conqueror, who eventually invaded England.	108
6665047029	Papal States	Territories in Italy that were home to and ruled by the papacy.	109
6665047030	Holy Roman Empire	"Empire" begun by Otto I, who was crowned by the pope. Neither Roman nor and Empire, except in name.	110
6665047031	Venice	Major trade port in Italy. Connected trade between Asia and Europe.	111
6665047032	Otto I	Saxon king who was named emperor by the pope, began the HRE	112
6665047033	Capetian Kings	Kings belonging to the Capetian dynasty started by Hugh Capet. Established lasting, centralized power in France.	113
6665047034	Normans	Rulers of England from Normandy. Established by William the Conqueror, organized regional monarchy.	114
6665047035	Eleanor of Aquitaine	Important patroness of the arts, particularly love poetry. Helped encourage chivalrous behavior.	115
6665047036	St. Thomas Aquinas	Christian scholar. Combined Aristotle's beliefs with Christian doctrine. Big promoter of scholasticism.	116
6665047037	Pope Urban II	Pope who issued the call for Crusades in 1095	117
6665047038	Salah al-Din (Saladin)	Muslim leader that led his armies against Christian Crusades.	118
6665047039	Investiture Conflict	Conflict between Holy Roman Empire and papacy, which had to do with how church leaders were called.	119
6665047040	Hanseatic League	Collection of trading cities within Europe.	120
6665047041	Three Estates	"Those who pray, those who fight, those who work" -- Clergy, nobles, peasants... 3 main social classes.	121
6665047042	Chivalry	Informal code of conduct meant for nobles. Encouraged proper behavior, particularly between the sexes.	122
6665047043	Guilds	Economic groups based off of occupation that established standards within their specific trade. Had both economic and social significance.	123
6665047044	Scholasticism	The idea that ancient Greek philosophy could be combined with Christian doctrine.	124
6665047045	Crusades	Series of campaigns where Christians attempted to reclaim the Holy Lands from Muslims. Lots of conflict. Not good.	125
6665047046	Tikal	Political Center of Maya Empire. Tons of temples and palaces.	126
6665047047	Teotihuacan	Former largest city in Mesoamerica. Decline led to Aztec empire.	127
6665047048	Tenochtitlan	Capital city of Aztec empire. Many temples and markets. Surrounded by lake.	128
6665047049	Cuzco	Inca capital. Political and religious center. Connected to rest of empire through roads.	129
6665047050	Easter Island	Polynesian island. Perfect example of how detrimental overpopulation could be. Also brought sweet potatoes to S. America.	130
6665047051	Toltecs	Came before Aztecs. Built regional empire. Well-off, campaigned.	131
6665047052	Chucuito	Kingdom in the Andes. Dependent on potatoes, llamas, alpacas. Highlanders. Ruled region around Lake Titicaca.	132
6665047053	Chimu	Kingdom in Peruvian lowlands. Had irrigation, prosperity. Taken over by Inca.	133
6665047054	Pachacuti	Legendary Incan warrior. Fierce, took over Chimu. Inca ruler.	134
6665047055	Olmec	Common ancestors for all Mesoamerican people. Lent a lot of traditions and cultural things to the Aztec and Maya.	135
6665047056	Chinampas	Plots of arable land dredged up from the bottom of the lake. Very fertile. "Floating gardens"	136
6665047057	Calpulli	Family group traced through a common ancestor. Basically a clan.	137
6665047058	Quechua	Language spoken by Inca. Helped unify	138
6665047059	Quipu	Strings knotted to record info. Incan. Used in place of a written language, which helped keep records.	139
6665047060	Ayllu	Incan groups of several families that lived on and cultivated a specific piece of land	140
6665047061	Khanbaliq	Modern Beijing. Located in northern China. Capital of Khubilai Khan's khanate in China.	141
6665047062	Melaka	Important trade city in SE Asia. Controlled much of the Indian Ocean trade route in particular, the strait of Melaka. Levied taxes on goods, became extremely wealthy.	142
6665047063	Rabban Sauma	Nestorian Christian from Khanbaliq, who was sent to the pope to encourage support for the ilkhan.	143
6665047064	Fernando and Isabel	Rulers of Spain. Known as Catholic Kings. Supported Christopher Columbus. Created strong government in Spain. Began Reconquista.	144
6665047065	Donatello and Michaelangelo	Renaissance sculpters who studied classical art for inspiration.	145
6665047066	Erasmus	Famous humanist. Published New Testament in Greek.	146
6665047067	Petrarca	Another famous humanist that traveled around Europe and collected previously unnoticed classical works.	147
6665047068	Yongle	Successor to Ming emperor Hongwu. Compiled "Yongle's Encyclopedia", which contained history and literature.	148
6665047069	Zheng He	Chinese traveler. Went on many of Yongle's expeditions. Very brave.	149
6665047070	Dias	Portugese explorer. Sailed from Portugal around the cape of Good Hope.	150
6665047071	Da Gama	Portugese explorer. Sailed from Portugal, around Africa, and over to India.	151
6665047072	Columbus	Genoese explorer sponsored by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to sail west to reach Asia. Instead, he brought the Americas to Europe's attention.	152
6665047073	Sugar Cane	Introduced by Muslims. Produced refined sugar. Plantations were worked by slaves, which increased the demand for slavery.	153
6665047074	Bubonic Plague	Deadly disease brought along the Silk Road from China. Carried by fleas on rodents. Killed massive amounts of people and caused a lot of problems.	154
6665047075	Yongle Encyclopedia	Scrolls compiled by Yongle, who collected Chinese works of history, literature, and philosophy.	155
6665047076	Hundred Years War	Series of wars between France and England. Improved centralization of government and national identity.	156
6665047077	Reconquista	Movement begun by the Spanish to drive Muslims and Jews out of Spain	157
6665047078	Renaissance	"Rebirth" of creativity, philosophy, and society. Led to huge increases of art and productivity.	158
6665047079	Humanists	People who studied humanities- literature, history, and philosophy. Believed in living active lives.	159
6665047080	Osman		160