AP Biology Biochemistry Review Flashcards
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| 8393582666 | Carbohydrate Examples | glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides | 0 | |
| 8393582667 | Disaccharide |  | 1 | |
| 8393582668 | Monosaccharide |  | 2 | |
| 8393582669 | Polysaccharide |  | 3 | |
| 8393582673 | Lipid Examples | fatty acids, fats, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides | 4 | |
| 8393582675 | Unsaturated Fat |  | 5 | |
| 8393582676 | Saturated Fat |  | 6 | |
| 8393582677 | Steroid |  | 7 | |
| 8393582678 | Phospholipid |  | 8 | |
| 8393582679 | Nucleotide |  | 9 | |
| 8393582680 | Nucleic Acid Examples | DNA, RNA, (ATP and ADP are modified nucleic acids) | 10 | |
| 8393582681 | DNA |  | 11 | |
| 8393582682 | RNA |  | 12 | |
| 8393582683 | Protein Examples | amino acids, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, collagen, hemoglobin, enzymes | 13 | |
| 8393582684 | Triglyceride |  | 14 | |
| 8393582686 | Amino Acid |  | 15 | |
| 8393582687 | Primary Structure of a Protein |  | 16 | |
| 8393582689 | alpha helix (secondary) |  | 17 | |
| 8393582690 | beta-pleated sheet (secondary) |  | 18 | |
| 8393582691 | Tertiary Structure of a Protein |  | 19 | |
| 8393582692 | Quaternary Structure of a Protein |  | 20 | |
| 8393582693 | Disulfide Bridge |  | 21 | |
| 8393582694 | Hydrogen Bonds |  | 22 | |
| 8393582697 | *nucleic acid | *kind of macromolecule that stores, transfers, and expresses genetic information |  | 23 |
| 8393582700 | *nucleotide | *the monomer of a nucleic acid | | 24 |
| 8393582701 | *a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base | *structure of a nucleotide | 25 | |
| 8393582702 | *dehydration synthesis between nucleotides | *a kind of condensation reaction in which water is removed in order to join together nucleotides | 26 | |
| 8393582704 | *purines | *double-ringed nitrogen base such as adenine or guanine |  | 27 |
| 8393582706 | *pyrimidine | *single-ringed nitrogen base such as cytosine, uracil, or thymine |  | 28 |
| 8393582724 | *proteins | *a macromolecule made chains of amino acids | 29 | |
| 8393582727 | *enzymes | *proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms (reduce the activation energy required) | 30 | |
| 8393582729 | *a carboxyl group, an amino group, a central Carbon, a Hydrogen, and an R-group | *structure of an amino acid | 31 | |
| 8393582730 | *20 | *the number of different amino acids that occur extensively in all living organisms | 32 | |
| 8393582732 | *dehydration synthesis between amino acids | *process that bond an amino acid to another amino acids (forms peptide bond) | 33 | |
| 8393582733 | *peptide bond | *covalent bond formed between amino acids |  | 34 |
| 8393582735 | *polypeptide chain | *a long line of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds |  | 35 |
| 8393582736 | *R-group | *stands for the rest of the compound, different for each kind of amino acid, giving the amino acid its properties |  | 36 |
| 8393582739 | four levels of a proteins structure | primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure | 37 | |
| 8393582746 | *denatured | *a change in the shape of a protein due to chemical treatments, temperature, change of pH, or high concentrations of polar or nonpolar substances; may or may not be irreversible |  | 38 |
| 8393582747 | *hydrogen bonds in proteins | *bond that occurs between R-groups that stabilize folds in proteins | 39 | |
| 8393582748 | *hydrophobic R-groups | *move together to the interior of a protein, away from water | 40 | |
| 8393582760 | *triglyceride | *lipid made of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol | | 41 |
| 8393582761 | glycerol | a carbon alcohol that is hydrophilic |  | 42 |
| 8393582762 | *functions of lipids | *long-term energy storage, insulation, part of the cell membrane, chemical messenger, waterproofing | 43 | |
| 8393582764 | food made of saturated fatty acid | animal fats and butter; bad fats | 44 | |
| 8393582779 | cholesterol | the most common steroid; is a component of the cell membrane as well as the precursor to all other steroids | 45 | |
| 8393582784 | *monosaccharide | *the simplest kind of carbohydrate | 46 | |
| 8393582785 | *simple sugar | *another name for a monosaccharide | 47 | |
| 8393582786 | -ose | suffix carbohydrates usually end in (gluc-ose, fruct-ose) | 48 | |
| 8393582788 | formula for sugar molecules | (CH₂O)n where n is any number from 3 to 8 | 49 | |
| 8393582789 | *1:2:1 | *the ration of Carbon to Hydrogen to Oxygen in a carbohydrate | 50 | |
| 8393582799 | *disaccharide | *two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage |  | 51 |
| 8393582800 | *dehydration synthesis between monosaccharides | *process used to combine monosaccarides into disaccharides and polysaccharides |  | 52 |
| 8393582802 | *the reason why the formula of a disaccharide of glucose is C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ and not C₁₂H₂₄O₁₂ | *one water molecule is lost when the condensation reaction joins together the two monosaccharides | 53 | |
| 8393582804 | lactose | milk sugar; disaccharide formed when glucose bonds with galactose |  | 54 |
| 8393582805 | *polysaccharide | *three or more monosaccharides | 55 | |
| 8393582811 | organic molecules | molecules that contain carbon | 56 | |
| 8393582812 | macromolecules | large organic molecules | 57 | |
| 8393582815 | the reason carbon is important to life | carbon can form four strong covalent bonds with different elements; carbon is the main component of organic molecules; all organic molecules contain carbon (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) | 58 | |
| 8393582816 | four | number of covalent bonds carbon can form with other elements | 59 | |
| 8393582818 | nonpolar | not soluable in water | 60 | |
| 8393582819 | polar | soluable in water | 61 | |
| 8393582820 | isomer | Molecules with same molecular formula but different structures (shapes) | 62 | |
| 8393582826 | functional groups | parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions | 63 | |
| 8393582828 | charge of the oxygen atom in a water molecule | slightly negative | 64 | |
| 8393582829 | charge of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule | slightly positive | 65 | |
| 8393582830 | hydrogen bond in water | weak bond formed between water molecules |  | 66 |
| 8393582831 | universal solvent | Property of water in which substances that are ionic or substances that have polar covalent bonds all dissolve in water. | 67 | |
| 8393582832 | hydrophillic | Term for substances that dissolve in water. | 68 | |
| 8393582833 | hydrophobic | Term for substances that do not dissolve in water. | 69 | |
| 8393582834 | solute | A substance that dissolves into a solvent. |  | 70 |
| 8393582835 | solvent | A substance that dissolves another substance. |  | 71 |