APES Chapter 12 Miller Flashcards

9735500353	Food security	Every person in a given area has daily access to enough nutritious food to have an active and healthy life	0
9735500354	Food insecurity	Living with chronic hunger and poor nutrition, which threatens one's ability to lead healthy and productive lives	1
9735500355	Poverty	The root cause of food insecurity is...	2
9735500356	Political upheaval, corruption, war and poverty	Obstacles to food security	3
9735500357	Macronutrients	Ex) carbs, proteins, and fats	4
9735500358	Micronutrients	Ex) vitamins, iron, iodine, and calcium	5
9735500359	Chronic undernutrition	Occurs in people who cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs	6
9735500360	Chronic malnutrition	Deficiencies of protein and other key nutrients	7
9735500361	Overnutrition	Occurs when food energy intake exceeds energy use and causes excess body fat	8
9735500362	Croplands	Produce mostly grains and provide about 77% of the worlds food using 11% of its land area	9
9735500363	Wheat, corn and rice	Three biggest crops consumed globally	10
9735500364	Industrialized or high-input agriculture	Uses heavy equipment and large amounts of financial capital, fossil fuel, water, commercial fertilizers and pesticides to produce single crops	11
9735500365	Monocultures	Single crops	12
9735500366	Yield	The amount of food produced per unit of land	13
9735500367	Plantation agriculture	A form of industrialized agriculture used primarily in tropical developing countries; involves cash crops	14
9735500368	Cash crops	Bananas, soybeans, sugarcane, coffee, and palm oil	15
9735500369	Hydroponics	A method whereby plants are grown with their roots in troughs of water inside a greenhouse	16
9735500370	Polyculture	Growing several crops on the same plot simultaneously	17
9735500371	slash-and-burn agriculture	a type of polyculture; involves burning and clearing small plots in tropical forests, growing a variety of crops for a few years until the soil is deleted of nutrients, and then shifting to other plots.	18
9735500372	O Horizon	Leaf litter	19
9735500373	A Horizon	Topsoil	20
9735500374	B Horizon	Subsoil	21
9735500375	C Horizon	Parent material; often lies on bedrock	22
9735500376	Humus	Porous mixture of the partially decomposed bodies of dead plants and animals	23
9735500377	aquaculture	raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages	24
9735500378	soil erosion	the movement of soil components, especially surface litter and topsoil, from one place to another by the actions of wind and water	25
9735500379	waterlogging	water accumulates underground and gradually raises the water table	26
9735500382	pest	any species that interferes with human welfare by competing with us for food, invading lawns and gardens, destroying building materials, spreading disease, invading ecosystems, or simply being a nuisance	27
9735500383	natural enemies	all the predators and parasites and even disease organisms that may feed on a given organism; used to control a specific pest through predation or parasitism	28
9735500386	broad-spectrum agents	pesticides that are toxic to many pest and nonpest species; i.e. DDT, organophosphate compounds such as malathion and parathion	29
9735500387	narrow-spectrum (selective) agents	pesticides that are effective against a narrowly defined group of organisms	30
9735500388	integrated pest management (IPM)	a variety of pest control methods that include repairs, traps, bait, poison, etc. to eliminate pests	31
9735500389	soil conservation	involves using a variety of ways to reduce soil erosion and restore soil fertility, mostly by keeping the soil covered with vegetation	32
9735500390	terracing	a way to grow food on steep slopes without depleting topsoil; it is done by converting steeply sloped land into a series of broad, nearly level terraces that run across the land's contours	33
9735500391	contour planting	involves plowing and planting crops in rows across the slope of the land rather than up and down	34
9735500392	strip cropping	involves planting alternating strips of a row crop (i.e. corn or cotton) and another crop that completely covers the soil, called a cover crop (i.e. alfalfa, clover, rye)	35
9735500393	windbreaks/shelterbelts	trees around crop fields to reduce wind erosion	36
9735500394	conservation-tillage farming	Crop cultivation in which the soil is disturbed little (minimum-tillage farming) or not at all (no-till farming) to reduce soil erosion, lower labor costs, and save energy	37
9735500396	Soil Erosion Act	established the Soil Conservation Service as part of the USDA; soil districts were formed throughout the country	38
9735500397	organic fertilizer	fertilizer made from plant and animal wastes	39
9735500398	commercial inorganic fertilizer	fertilizer produced from nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other minerals	40