Cell Respiration - AP Biology Flashcards

7781832811	Cellular Respiration	The process by which cells produce energy (ATP) C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6H2O + energy (oxidative process)	0
7781832812	ATP	Consists of adenosine plus 3 phosphates; source of immediate energy (know this structure)	1
7781832813	Glycolysis	Anaerobic phase of cellular respiration that breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate - Occurs in cytoplasm - Makes 2 Net ATP molecules and 2 molecules of NADH	2
7781832814	Fermentation	A process that produces a small amount of energy in the absence of oxygen - Begins with glycolysis and produces 2 molecules of pyruvate and then alcohol or lactic acid - Converts NADH to NAD+ by transferring electrons to pyruvate	3
7781832815	Aerobic Respiration	Consists of Krebs cycle and electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation - Requires oxygen - Occurs after the anaerobic respiration - Produces 34 ATP - Occurs in the mitochondria	4
7781832816	Citric Acid Cycle	Synonym for Krebs Cycle	5
7781832817	Anaerobic Respiration	Synonym for fermentation	6
7781832818	Aerobic	With oxygen	7
7781832819	Anaerobic	Without oxygen	8
7781832820	Krebs cycle	Uses 2 acetyl co-A to produces 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP and CO2 as waste - Occurs in the mitochondrial inner matrix - Part of aerobic respiration - Turns twice for each molecule of glucose (also known as Citric Acid Cycle)	9
7781832821	Acetyl co-A	coenzyme combined with pyruvate created in middle step; raw material of Krebs cycle	10
7781832822	ATP synthase	An enzyme that produces ATP as protons (H+) flow down a gradient through chemiosmosis or oxidative phosphorylation	11
7781832823	Electron Transport Chain	Energy-coupling reaction that creates H+ gradient in the membrane necessary for the production of ATP through chemiosmosis or oxidative phosphorylation - Energy released from the exergonic flow of electrons is used to pump protons across the membrane to create a proton gradient - Electrons flow down the chain from one carrier molecule to the next in a series of redox reactions - The final hydrogen (H+) acceptor in the chain is oxygen (H2+1/2O2 --> H2O) / Water is the waste product and is exhaled	12
7781832824	Oxygen	Final electron acceptor in the ETC	13
7781832825	Water	Waste product created by at the end of the ETC	14
7781832826	Chemiosmosis	A process by which ATP is formed as protons flow down a proton gradient through the ATP synthase complex (chemical + ...)	15
7781832827	Substrate-Level Phosphorylation	Process that produces a small amount of ATP during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle During this process, the enzyme kinase transfers a phosphate from a susbtrate directly to ADP, forming ATP	16
7781832828	Oxidative Phosphorylation	The production of ATP using energy from the electron transport chain. Ends with the production of water.	17
7781832829	NADH	Primary electron transporter to the ETC from glycolysis and Krebs cycle	18
7781832830	FADH2	Secondary electron transporter to the ETC from Krebs cycle, entering at lower energy levels than NADH	19
7781832831	NAD+	Oxidized form of NADH	20
7781832832	FAD	Oxidized form of FADH2	21
7781832833	Redox Reactions	Reduction and oxidation	22
7781832834	Reduction	gain of electrons; gain of hydrogen -> for storing energy	23
7781832835	Oxidation	loss of electrons; loss of hydrogen -> for releasing energy	24
7781832836	Cytochromes	Proteins that help make up the ETC; transport electrons	25
7781832837	Inner-membrane space	Mitochondrial part where the ETC pumps protons	26
7781832838	Matrix	Site of Krebs cycle in mitochondria	27
7781832839	Cristae membrane	site of ETC and ATP synthase complex - contains thousands of copies of the ETC - impermeable to protons (H+) - folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane	28