AP Human Geography Agriculture Flashcards

6751920385	Agribusiness	System of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.	0
6751920386	Cash Crops	Planting large amounts of profitable crops for mass production and sell.	1
6751920387	Commercial Agriculture	Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.	2
6751920388	Double Cropping	Planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year.	3
6751920389	GMOs	Foods that\have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistant, increased productivity, or nutrients value	4
6751920390	Intensive Subsistence Farming	A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.	5
6751920391	Monoculture	Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.	6
6751920392	Mechanization	In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.	7
6751920393	Primary Economy	Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials.	8
6751920394	Plantation Agriculture	Raising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export.	9
6751920395	Transhumance	Movement of animal herd to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter.	10
6751920396	Von Thunen Model	Theory that a commercial farmer wull decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market.	11
6751920397	Green Revolution	An outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution, this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm.	12
6751920398	Examples of Primary Economic Activities	Raising livestock Mining Quarrying Crude oil extraction Lumbering Wheat growing Cotton	13
6751920399	Examples of Secondary Economic Activities	Milk, Cheese Diamonds Petroleum Furniture Bread, Beer Textiles	14
6751920400	Examples of Tertiary Economic Activities	Corporation Doctors Attorneys Tourism Scientist	15
6751920401	Nomadism	Dry Areas Same climate as livestock ranching(commercial farms in MDCs) Marginalized land	16
6751920402	Mixed livestock and grain	Raise domesticated animals and growing feed	17
6751920403	Commercial Grain Farming	Wheat belt Bread-basket US Corn belt	18
6751920404	Mediterranean Agriculture	An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados,	19
6751920405	Double cropping	Harvesting twice in one year Employ crop rotation	20
6751920406	Truck Farms	Farm where farmers produce fruits for the market Use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies	21
6751920407	Agrarian	relating to land; relating to the management or farming of land	22
6751920408	Agricultural Industrialization	The use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors etc. - makes it easier for farmers to have higher crop yields.	23
6751920409	Agricultural Landscape	The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields.	24
6751920410	Agricultural Location Model	An attempt to explain the pattern of agricultural land use in terms of accessibility, costs, distance, and prices.	25
6751920411	Biotechnology	A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.	26
6751920412	Cultivation Regions	Regions were there is agricultural activity. Know these specifically! (ie. Southwestern US is cattle ranching, Mediterranean is crop trees).	27
6751920413	Dairy Farms	specialized in dairy products, N. America, Europe, NOT Africa, South America, Asia	28
6751920414	Desertification	Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.	29
6751920415	Extensive Commercial Agriculture	A crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important than capital or labor inputs in determining output	30
6751920416	Feedlot	a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market	31
6751920417	Food Desert	An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain	32
6751920418	Food Manufacturing	The processes that are used to convert raw materials into finished food products	33
6751920419	Growing Season	The season in which crops grow best. Growing season can vary by location, societies rely on their growing season to which crops they can or can't grow at their latitude.	34
6751920420	Hunting and Gathering	the killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance	35
6751920421	Intensive Commercial Agriculture	Intensive farming in a commercial economy, crops have high yields and market value	36
6751920422	Livestock Ranching	an extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West	37
6751920423	Long-Lot Survey System	A distinct regional approach to land surveying whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals	38
6751920424	Luxury Crops	Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco	39
6751920425	Metes and Bounds System	a system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. The system relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees.	40
6751920426	Pastoralism	A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.	41
6751920427	Organic Agriculture	Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.	42
6751920428	Pesticides	Chemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants, but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals.	43
6751920429	Planned Economy	a system of production of goods and services, usually consumed or distributed by a governmental agency, in quantities, at prices, and in locations determined by governmental program	44
6751920430	Plant Domestication	genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention	45
6751920431	Primogeniture	right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son	46
6751920432	Quaternary Economic Activities	service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.	47
6751920433	Quinary Economic Activities	service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.	48
6751920434	Rectangular Survey System	A system used to divide public domain lands in the United States in which land is divided into 6-mile square townships and subdivided into sections, portions of sections, or irregular lots.	49
6751920435	Root Crops	crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants	50
6751920436	Carl Sauer	Defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis.	51
6751920437	2nd Agriculture Revolution	Innovations led to agricultural surpluses, food surpluses, let people move from farms to factories, growth of cities increased.	52
6751920438	Secondary Economic Activity	economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector	53
6751920439	Seed Crops	crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants. crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants.	54
6751920440	Specialization	The concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities	55
6751920441	Slash and Burn Agriculture	a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land	56
6751920442	Tertiary Economic Activity	economic activity associated with the provision of services--such transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.	57
6751920443	Township and Range System	A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.	58
6751920444	Third Agriculture Revolution	'green revolution' rapid diffusion of new ag techniques between 1970's and 1980's, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers	59
6751920445	Soil Erosion	the wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind, or ice	60