AP Psych Flashcards

7962617683	respondent behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.	0
7962629265	operant behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.	1
7962637940	biofeedback	a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.	2
7962656552	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after eploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.	3
7962673755	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to deomonstrate it.	4
7962689355	insight	a sudden realization of a problem's solution.	5
7962693406	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.	6
7962699314	coping	alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.	7
7962707272	problem-focused coping	attempting to alleviate stress directly-by changing the stressor or the way we interact with tht stressor.	8
7962716699	emotion-focused coping	attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction.	9
7962730982	learned helplessness	the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.	10
7962740185	external locus of control	the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.	11
7962745835	internal locus of control	the perception that you control your own fate.	12
7962750580	self-control	the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.	13
7962768864	observational learning	learning by observing others. Also called social learning.	14
7962772428	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.	15
7962781421	mirror neurons	frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy.	16
7962800123	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial be havior.	17
8149816185	memory	the persistence of learning over time through the encoing, storagee, and retrieval of information.	18
8149822392	encoding	the processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning.	19
8149825548	storage	the process of retaining encoded information over time.	20
8149830506	retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage.	21
8149832648	parallel processing	the processing of may aspects of a problem simultaneously, the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrast with the step by step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.	22
8149846396	sensory memory	the immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.	23
8149848142	short-term memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is storeed or forgotten.	24
8149854694	long-term memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Iincludes knowledge, skills, and experiences.	25
8149864048	working memory	a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing incoming auditory and visual spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.	26
8149875891	explicit memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.	27
8149881528	effortful processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.	28
8149884206	automatic processing	unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.	29
8149902415	implicit memory	retention independent of conscious recollection. (also call nondeclarative memory.)	30
8149922849	iconic memory	a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.	31
8149942032	echoic memory	a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled with 3 or 4 seconds.	32
8149958620	chunking	organizing itmes into famiiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.	33
8149967446	mnemonics	memory aids, espeically those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizaiotnal devices.	34
8149982892	spacing effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.	35
8149989537	testing effect	enhanced memory ater retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.	36
8149997516	shallow processing	encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.	37
8150007945	deep processing	encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words, tends to yield the best retention.	38
8150016531	hippocampus	a neural center located in the limbic system, helps process explicit memories for storage.	39
8150021501	flashbulb memory	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.	40
8150021502	long-term potentiation (LTP)	an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.	41
8150044272	recall	a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.	42
8150049507	recognition	a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as aon a multiple-choice test.	43
8150054332	relearning	a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.	44
8150080468	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory	45
8150085347	mood-congruent memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.	46
8150090823	serial position effect	our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list.	47
8150100532	anterograde amnesia	an inability to form new memories.	48
8150102987	retrograde amnesia	an inability to retrieve information from on's past.	49
8150107953	proactive interference	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.	50
8150111875	retroactive interference	the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.	51
8150116323	repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety -arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.	52
8150136146	misinformation effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.	53
8150136147	source amnesined. (Also called source misattribution. )ia	attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution. ) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.	54
8150155202	deja vu	that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.	55
8150174732	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	56
8150178587	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.	57
8150193486	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin.)	58
8150220804	creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.	59
8150221787	convergent thinking	narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.	60
8150224639	divergent thinking	expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions.)	61
8150356469	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually seedier-but also more error-prone-use of heuristics.	62
8150367528	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.	63
8150377711	insight	a sudden realization of a problem's solution, contrasts with strategy-based solutions.	64
8150394097	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.	65
8150401448	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.	66
8150405236	intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.	67
8150414445	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes, may lead us to ignore other relevant information.	68
8150424557	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.	69
8150437617	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.	70
8150445823	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.	71
8150450270	framing	the way an issue is posed, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.	72
8150458395	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.	73
8150463600	phoneme	in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.	74
8150466709	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)	75
8150470683	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.	76
8150484325	babbling stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.	77
8150489375	one-word stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.	78
8150498249	two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during elements. which a child speaks mostly in two-word stat	79
8150499695	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram "go car" using mostly nouns and verbs.	80
8150517302	aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area ) impairing understanding).	81
8150526618	Borca's area	controls language expression-an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movement involved in speech.	82
8150532991	Wernicke's area	controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression, usually in the left temporal lobe.	83
8150542058	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.	84
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