AP Biology: Cell Structure Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

9917651647	organelles	membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell	0
9917651648	cytoplasm	a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found	1
9917651649	eukaryotic cell	Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	2
9917651650	prokaryotic cell	Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles	3
9917651651	nucleoid region	a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found	4
9917651653	plasma membrane	The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell	5
9917651654	nucleus	chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell	6
9917651655	nuclear envelope	encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm	7
9917651657	chromosomes	tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)	8
9917651658	chromatin	loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA	9
9917651659	nucleolus	located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes	10
9917651660	ribosomes	made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins	11
9917651661	endomembrane system	membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.	12
9917651662	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope	13
9917651663	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels	14
9917651664	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins	15
9917651665	glycoproteins	proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction	16
9917651666	transport vesicles	vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another	17
9917651667	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	18
9917651668	lysosome	membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials	19
9917651669	phagocytosis	the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle	20
9917651671	food vacuoles	formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle	21
9917651672	contractile vacuoles	pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell	22
9917651673	central vacuole	the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells	23
9917651674	mitochondria	chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration	24
9917651675	chloroplasts	contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis	25
9917651676	cristae	infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria Cristae are the black folds in the diagram	26
9917651677	mitochondrial matrix	compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle	27
9917651678	plastids	manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches	28
9917651679	thylakoids	flattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs	29
9917651680	granum	stacks of thylakoids	30
9917651681	stroma	fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area	31
9917651682	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm	32
9917651683	microtubules	hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell	33
9917651684	centrosome	a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division	34
9917651685	centrioles	cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division	35
9917651686	flagella	a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement	36
9917651687	cilia	a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion	37
9917651688	microfilaments	the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts	38
9917651690	pseudopodia	cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface	39
9917651693	cell wall	extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake	40
9917651697	extracellular matrix	where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides	41
9917651699	plasmodesmata	channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants	42
9917651700	tight junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins	43
9917651701	desmosomes	intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets	44
9917651702	gap junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants	45