AP Flashcards

7492565349	Ad Hominem	When you switch the topic to the character of the other speaker.	0
7492582038	Ad Populum (Bandwagon appeal)	"Everyone is doing it so you should too!"	1
7492590742	Appeal to False Authority	Occurs when someone who has no authority on an issue is cited as an authority.	2
7492596156	Argument	A process pf reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse of further assurances or data.	3
7492603630	Assumption/Warrant	In the Toulman model, the warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.	4
7492611100	Backing	In the Toulman model, backing consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority.	5
7492626567	Begging the Question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It "begs" a question whether the support itself is sound.	6
7492629951	Circular Reasoning	A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.	7
7492633896	Claim	Also called an assertion or a proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable.	8
7492641181	Claim of Fact	A claim of fact asserts that something is true or not true.	9
7492646035	Claim of Policy	A claim of policy proposes a change.	10
7492648026	Claim of Value	A claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong.	11
7492651978	Classical Oration, the	Five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians.	12
7492664077	Introduction (exordium)	Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion.	13
7492667059	Narration (narration)	Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem what needs addressing.	14
7492674965	Confirmation (confirmatio)	Usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer's proof and conclusion.	15
7492682817	Refutation (refutatio)	Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion.	16
7492687773	Conclusion (peroration)	Brings the essay to a satisfying close.	17
7492689689	Closed Thesis	A closed theses is a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make.	18
7492700489	Deduction	Deduction is a logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). The process of deductions is usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism.	19
7492704642	Either/or (false dilemma)	A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.	20
7492708598	Faulty Analogy	A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable.	21
7492728024	First-Hand Evidence	Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.	22
7492736557	Hasty Generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	23
7492734530	Induction (inducer-to lead into)	A logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in orders to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.	24
7492766183	Logical Fallacy	Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.	25
7492771749	Open Thesis	An open thesis is one that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay.	26
7492780212	Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc (After which therefore because of which)	It is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier.	27
7492784843	Qualifier	In the Toulmin model, the qualifier uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute.	28
7492796172	Quantitative Evidence	Evidence that includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers.	29
7492801867	Rebuttal	In the Toulmin model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections.	30
7492805707	Reservations	In the Toulmin model, a reservation explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier.	31
7492811544	Rogerian Arguments	Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers. They are arguments based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively.	32
7492819301	Second-Hand Evidence	Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.	33
7492831266		A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.	34
7492833816	Syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.	35
7492839678	Toulmin Model	An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book "The Uses of Argument" (1958)	36
9795836608	Invective	insulting, abusive, or highly critical language.	37
9795914685	Didactic	A text with an instructive purpose often moral.	38
9795952390	Ribald	Offensive in speech or gesture	39
9796038477	Sanguineous	optimistic, cheerful	40