AP Europe Flashcards

6827325933	95 Theses	piece written by Martin Luther against clerical abuses and sale of indulgences	0
6827325934	absolutism	belief that a state should be ruled by one person who has total power	1
6827325935	Act of Supremacy	Parliament ends the authority of the pope in England, leading to the formation of the Anglican Church	2
6827325936	Adam Smith	economist who wrote "Wealth of Nations" and promoted economic liberalism	3
6827325937	Anabaptist	radical Christian group that believed in adult baptism and separation of church from state	4
6827325938	balance of power	cooperation between European states to assure no single state becomes too powerful	5
6827325939	Baroque	style of art/music that is ornamental and emotional, commonly associated with the Catholic Reformation	6
6827325940	boyars	Russian nobles	7
6827325941	cahiers	notebooks written on the eve of the French Revolution that presented grievances and proposals for reform	8
6827325942	Calvinism	Protestant denomination that believes in absolute power of God and predestination	9
6827325943	Cardinal Richelieu	chief minister under Louis XIII who essentially controlled France, sided with Protestants in the Thirty Years' War, and minimized power of nobles	10
6827325944	Carlsbad Decree	conservative law suppressing subversive ideas and liberal organizations in university settings	11
6827325945	Castiglione	humanist figure who wrote The Courtier and encouraged personal growth	12
6827325946	Catherine the Great	ruler of Russia who continued westernization, ended torture, offered limited religious toleration, and supported education	13
6827325947	Charles I	English monarch who fought Parliament during English Civil War and was executed for treason	14
6827325948	Charles II	English monarch who passed Test Act and restored the monarchy and both houses of Parliament	15
6827325950	Chartist Movement	British seeking of universal male suffrage, secret ballot, equal populations for parliamentary districts, and abolishing property requirements for House of Commons	16
6827325951	Christian humanism	form of humanism based in Northern Europe that combined the Bible with classical texts	17
6827325953	Civil Constitution of the Clergy	law requiring clergy to support French National Assembly, making church officials elected, and confiscating Catholic lands (1790)	18
6827325954	Combination Acts	British law forbidding labor unions, repealed during Industrial Revolution	19
6827325955	Committee of Public Safety	branch of National Convention that worked to eliminate all inside and outside threats to French Revolution	20
6827325956	Concert of Europe	group of Great Powers trying to maintain balance of power and prevent revolution	21
6827325957	Concordat of 1801	Napoleon promises church that a majority of Frenchmen will be Catholic	22
6827325960	Congress of Vienna	General peace settlement after defeat of Napoleon that involved Russia, Austria, Prussia, Britain, and France	23
6827325961	conservatism	ideology of preserving tradition, maintaining balance of power, opposing civil liberties, and avoiding revolution	24
6827325963	Copernicus	Figure of scientific revolution who formulated heliocentric model and published "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies"	25
6827325964	cottage system	production of goods within people's homes using hand tools	26
6827325965	Council of Trent	group of Catholics who reaffirm Catholic principles but take reform measures	27
6827325966	David Ricardo	economist who came up with Iron Law of Wages	28
6827325967	Declaration of Rights of Man	French constitution written by National Assembly	29
6827325968	Diderot	Enlightenment figure who published "Encyclopedia" and promoted social progress and reform	30
6827325969	Directory	corrupt five-man executive (accompanied by legislature) formed in 1795 that began weak dictatorship over France	31
6827325970	Edict of Nantes	command for limited religious freedom of Huguenots in France	32
6827325971	Elizabeth I	politique who brought many Protestant ideas into Church of England, let people practice whatever religion they wanted at home, and resisted invasion of Spanish Armada	33
6827325972	empiricism	theory that knowledge comes only from sensory experience	34
6827325973	enclosure	transition from open-field system to fenced-in fields, farming more effectively	35
6827325974	English Bill of Rights	Set of English laws protecting individual rights and establishing relationship between king and Parliament	36
6827325975	English Civil War	Conflict between Charles I and Parliament over government power	37
6827325976	Erasmus	Christian humanist who wrote The Praise of Folly and wanted a reform of the Catholic Church	38
6827325977	Estates General	French legislature called in 1788 formed by three separate social groups	39
6827325978	Eugene Delacroix	romantic artist who painted "Liberty Leading the People"	40
6827325979	Ferdinand and Isabella	rulers of Spain who created equivalent of national church, oversaw the Reconquista, and established Spanish Inquisition	41
6827325980	Frederick the Great	ruler of Prussia who wrote new code of law, welcomed religious minorities, and took Silesia	42
6827325981	Frederick William I	Prussian king responsible for Prussian absolutism and continuing militarization	43
6827325983	Fronde	noble-led rebellion in France against king's authority and the intendant system	44
6827325984	Galileo	Figure of scientific revolution who used controlled experiments, formalized concept of inertia, and looked at space with telescope	45
6827325985	German Peasants' War	revolt of German lower classes calling for social/political change using the Scriptures	46
6827325986	Girondists	moderate republicans who didn't want the execution of the king	47
6827325987	Glorious Revolution	end of the divine right monarchy in England	48
6827325989	guild	trade based-association with a monopoly over its own trade, special privileges for members, and assurance of high-quality goods	49
6827325991	Henry VIII	first head of the Church of England	50
6827325992	Huguenots	term for French Calvinists	51
6827325993	humanism	program of study through classical works focusing on understanding human nature, reaching ideals, self-improvement, and virtú	52
6827325994	Ignatius Loyola	founder of Society of Jesus	53
6827325995	Isaac Newton	Figure of scientific revolution who published "Principia," created three laws of motion, and discussed idea of "world machine"	54
6827325996	Jacobins	very radical republicans who wanted the execution of the king	55
6827325997	James I	English monarch who believed in divine right to rule and absolute power; battled with both Parliament and Puritans	56
6827325998	James II	English monarch who violated Test Act and was replaced by Glorious Revolution	57
6827325999	Johannes Kepler	Figure of scientific revolution who created three laws of planetary motion	58
6827326000	John Calvin	figure of Protestant Reformation who wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion" and believed in absolute power of God	59
6827326001	John Locke	English philosopher who believed in protecting natural rights	60
6827326002	junkers	Prussian nobles	61
6827326003	Joseph II	ruler of Austria who abolished serfdom and promoted religious toleration, even though his reforms didn't last	62
6827326004	Legislative Assembly	French legislature formed in 1791 that declared war on Austria and Prussia when they supported the monarchy	63
6827326005	liberalism	ideology of civil rights, liberty, and representative government	64
6827326007	Louis XIV	French monarch responsible for absolutism and revocation of the Edict of Nantes	65
6827326008	Louis XVI	weak monarch of France who gives in to efforts for a constitutional monarchy and is executed during the Reign of Terror	66
6827326009	Machiavelli	humanist figure who wrote The Prince and stated leaders should maintain order at all costs	67
6827326010	Martin Luther	main figure of Protestant Reformation and author of "Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences"	68
6827326011	Marxian socialism	ideology of eliminating class struggles to fix societal problems, based on The Communist Manifesto	69
6827326012	Medici family	Florentine dynasty of successful merchants, patrons of the arts, and future popes	70
6827326014	Montesquieu	Enlightenment figure who promoted separation of powers	71
6827326015	Napoleon	emperor of France from 1804 to 1814 who used domestic policy to maintain popularity and order	72
6827326016	Napoleonic Code	French civil code reasserting "Declaration of Rights of Man" and explaining civil rights, property, etc.	73
6827326017	National Assembly	French legislature formed in 1789 that wrote Declaration of the Rights of Man	74
6827326018	National Convention	Legislature formed in 1792 during the radical revolution that declares France a republic	75
6827326019	nationalism	ideology of ethnic groups sharing common identity and desire for politically independent state	76
6827326020	New Monarchs	term describing powerful rulers of Europe who formed loyal armies, had some power over the Catholic church, and maintained centralized governments excluding nobles	77
6827326021	Oliver Cromwell	English military dictator and lord protector who dismissed Parliament	78
6827326023	Peace of Augsburg	German states earn the right to choose their official religion and acknowledging Lutheranism as a religion, ending the Schmalkaldic Wars	79
6827326024	Peace of Utrecht	Treaty ending War of Spanish Succession, stating that France and Spanish monarchies cannot join, and giving Austria control of former Spanish Netherlands	80
6827326025	Peace of Westphalia	Treaty ending Thirty Years' War, reaffirming Peace of Augsburg, and recognizing Calvinism as a religion for German states	81
6827326026	Peter the Great	Russian tsar of Romanov Dynasty responsible for westernization and militarization	82
6827326027	Philip II	son of Charles V who failed as a leader in the Netherlands and lost battles to English Fleet	83
6827326029	Pico della Mirandola	humanist figure who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man and emphasized potential for human greatness	84
6827326030	putting-out system	production of goods where merchants loan materials to cottage workers who return the finished product	85
6827326031	Reconquista	reconquering of Iberian Peninsula that had been taken by Muslim powers	86
6827326032	Reform Bill of 1832	British law that extended voting rights to middle class men and eliminated "rotten" boroughs	87
6827326033	Reign of Terror	period where National Convention attempted to carry out the "war against tyranny" through mass execution	88
6827326034	Renaissance	rebirth of classical Greek/Roman ideas that focused on humanism and the liberal arts	89
6827326035	Rene Descartes	Figure of scientific revolution who used deductive reasoning and believed in Cartesian dualism	90
6827326036	Revolution of 1830: Belgium	country gains independence and becomes Kingdom of the Netherlands	91
6827326037	Revolution of 1830: France	country replaces Charles X with Louis Philippe to prevent return to autocratic rule	92
6827326039	Revolution of 1848: France	country becomes a republic and then goes back to an empire	93
6827326040	Revolution of 1848: Austria	country maintains control over Hungarian and Italian nationalists	94
6827326041	Revolution of 1848: Prussia	country tries to unify Germany but fails when leader takes back his offer to rule, reestablishing German Confederation	95
6827326042	Robespierre	Jacobin leader of Committee of Public Safety who was executed to put an end to the Reign of Terror	96
6827326043	romanticism	artistic movement of emotion, freedom of thought, personal connection to God, and anti-Enlightenment ideas	97
6827326044	Rousseau	Enlightenment figure who promoted emotion over rationalism, also wrote "The Social Contract" and believed in general will	98
6827326045	salons	locations where rich women hosted discussions about literature, science, and philosophy	99
6827326046	Sans-culottes	radical group of laboring poor who helped overthrow Louis XVI and took over Paris' municipal government	100
6827326047	Seven Years' War	first "global" war that involved much of Europe, including Britain, France, Spain, and Prussia	101
6827326048	Spanish Inquisition	group investigating converts' faith to Catholicism and punishing Jews/Muslims who maintained their original religion	102
6827326049	Storming of Bastille	commoners seize arms and attack a royal prison, leading Louis XVI to withdraw troops from Paris (1789)	103
6827326050	Tennis Court Oath	Third Estate decides to write a new constitution and forms National Assembly	104
6827326051	Thermidorian Reaction	reaction to Reign of Terror that led to Robespierre's execution, abolition of economic controls, and reconciliation with Catholic Church	105
6827326052	Thirty Years' War	conflict between Protestant Union and Catholic League over political and religious influence	106
6827326053	Thomas Hobbes	English philosopher who believed in absolutism and preserving order at all costs	107
6827326054	Thomas More	Christian humanist and author of Utopia	108
6827326055	Treaty of Paris	agreement that ended the Seven Years' War: Britain take France's territory in North America/India and Prussia maintains control of Silesia	109
6827326056	utopian socialism	ideology of economic equality, collectivism, minimal private property, and right to work	110
6827326057	Voltaire	Enlightenment figure who promoted religious tolerance and the separation of church from state	111
6827326058	William and Mary	English monarchs who take power during Glorious Revolution and end absolutism	112
6827326059	Women's March on Versailles	Revolt where women invaded the National Assembly and the royal apartments (1789)	113
6827326061	Great Northern War	war where Russia's victory under Peter the Great leads to control over Baltic Sea	114
6827326062	Gustavus Adolphus	Swedish ruler during Thirty Years' War whose death caused France to help Sweden	115
6827326063	Henry IV	French king and politique who wrote Edict of Nantes	116
6827326065	Colbert	French Minister of Finances under Louis XIV who promoted mercantilism	117
6827326066	Metternich	Austrian foreign minister who promoted conservatism and Concert of Europe	118
6827326067	Luddites	group of workers who broke into factories and destroyed machinery	119
6827326068	Methodist	Protestant denomination founded by John Wesley in the 1700s	120
6827326070	politique	type of leader who puts order ahead of personal beliefs	121
6827326071	Pragmatic Sanction	treaty violated when Frederick the Great takes Silesia from Maria Theresa	122
6827326073	Puritan	English Protestant denomination known for simple lifestyle	123
6827326074	Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre	thousands of French Huguenots and other Protestants killed at wedding of Henry of Navarre	124
6827326075	Francis Bacon	scientist known for inductive reasoning	125
6827326076	Jesuit	Catholic denomination known for education and missionary work	126
6827326077	Star Chamber	secret English court used to deal with aristocrats who threatened royal power	127
6827326078	taille	tax on land	128
6827326079	Thomas Malthus	economist who believed population will always grows faster than food supply	129
6827326080	virtú	quality of being able to shape the world according to one's own will	130
6827326081	War of Austrian Succession	war started by the violation of the Pragmatic Sanction	131
6827326083	Battle of Lepanto	Philip II defeats Ottoman Turks and prevents their further invasion of Europe	132
6827326084	Bossuet	French bishop who pushed idea of divine right to rule	133
6827326085	intendant system	system used by French monarchy to limit power of the nobles	134
6827326086	Schmalkaldic Wars	religious wars during mid-1500s where Charles V and Catholics fought German princes and Lutherans	135