AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

7762859652	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
7762859653	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
7762859654	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
7762859655	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
7762859656	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
7762859657	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
7762859658	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
7762859659	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
7762859660	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
7762859661	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
7762859662	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
7762859663	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
7762859664	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
7762859665	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
7762859666	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
7762859667	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
7762859668	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
7762859669	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
7762859670	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
7762859671	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
7762859672	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
7762859673	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
7762859674	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
7762859675	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
7762859676	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
7762859677	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
7762859678	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
7762859679	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
7762859680	theory	general idea being tested	28
7762859681	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
7762859682	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
7762859683	mode	appears the most	31
7762859684	mean	average	32
7762859685	median	middle	33
7762859686	range	highest - lowest	34
7762859687	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
7762859688	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
7762859689	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
7762859690	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
7762859691	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
7762859692	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
7762859693	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
7762859694	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
7762859695	neuron		43
7762859696	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
7762859697	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
7762859698	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
7762859699	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
7762859700	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
7762859701	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
7762859702	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
7762859703	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
7762859704	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
7762859705	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
7762859706	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
7762859707	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
7762859708	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
7762859709	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
7762859710	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
7762859711	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
7762859712	master gland	pituitary gland	60
7762859713	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
7762859717	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	62
7762859718	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	63
7762859719	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	64
7762859721	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	65
7762859724	hippocampus	process new memory	66
7762859725	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	67
7762859726	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	68
7762859727	association areas	integrate and interpret information	69
7762859728	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	70
7762859729	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	71
7762859730	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	72
7762859731	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	73
7762859732	occipital lobe	vision	74
7762859733	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	75
7762859734	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	76
7762859735	Broca's area	speaking words	77
7762859736	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	78
7762859737	sensation	what our senses tell us	79
7762859738	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	80
7762859739	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	81
7762859740	top-down processing	brain to senses	82
7762859741	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	83
7762859742	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	84
7762859743	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	85
7762859745	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	86
7762859746	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	87
7762859747	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	88
7762859748	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	89
7762859749	rods	night time	90
7762859750	cones	color	91
7762859751	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	92
7762859752	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	93
7762859753	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	94
7762859759	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	95
7762859760	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	96
7762859763	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	97
7762859764	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	98
7762859765	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	99
7762859766	perception =	mood + motivation	100
7762859767	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	101
7762859768	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	102
7762859769	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	103
7762859770	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	104
7762859771	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	105
7762859772	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	106
7762859773	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	107
7762859774	insomnia	can't sleep	108
7762859775	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	109
7762859776	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	110
7762859777	night terrors	prevalent in children	111
7762859778	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	112
7762859779	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	113
7762859780	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	114
7762859782	depressants	slows neural pathways	115
7762859783	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	116
7762859785	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	117
7762859786	stimulants	hypes neural processing	118
7762859788	caffeine	((stimulant))	119
7762859789	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	120
7762859790	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	121
7762859793	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	122
7762859794	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	123
7762859795	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	124
7762859796	types of learning	classical operant observational	125
7762859797	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	126
7762859798	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	127
7762859799	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	128
7762859800	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	129
7762859801	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	130
7762859802	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	131
7762859803	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	132
7762859804	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	133
7762859805	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	134
7762859806	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	135
7762859807	operant conditioning	control by organism	136
7762859808	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	137
7762859809	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	138
7762859810	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	139
7762859811	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	140
7762859812	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	141
7762859813	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	142
7762859815	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	143
7762859816	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	144
7762859820	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	145
7762859821	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	146
7762859822	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	147
7762859823	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	148
7762859824	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	149
7762859825	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	150
7762859826	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	151