AP Statistics - Unit 4 Flashcards
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| 8231415242 | Population | The entire group of individuals or instances about whom we hope to learn | 0 | |
| 8231420705 | Sample | A subset of the population that we examine in the hope of learning about the population | 1 | |
| 8231431247 | Bias | A systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population | 2 | |
| 8231440761 | Census | A sample that consists of the whole population | 3 | |
| 8231453065 | Undercoverage | Type of bias in which the sampling method leaves out portions of the population. Voluntary response is one form of undercoverage. | 4 | |
| 8231471299 | Nonresponse Bias | Type of bias in which some individuals selected to be part of the sample do not participate in the study. | 5 | |
| 8231484745 | Response Bias | Type of bias in which the responses we get from participants do not accurately reflect their true feelings about the question. The causes of this include: wording of the question, appearance/behavior of the person asking the questions, lying, etc. | 6 | |
| 8231519066 | Parameter | A number that describes a population. | 7 | |
| 8231527696 | Statistic | A number calculated from a sample that we use to estimate the value of a population parameter | 8 | |
| 8231545648 | Simple Random Sample (SRS) | A sample of size n in which each set of n items from the population has the same chance of being chosen as the sample | 9 | |
| 8231566557 | Sampling frame | List of individuals from which the sample is drawn | 10 | |
| 8231584300 | Stratified Random Sample | Sampling design in which the population is divided into homogeneous groups, called strata, and random samples are then drawn from each stratum | 11 | |
| 8231603628 | Cluster Sample | Sampling design in which the population is divided into heterogeneous groups, called clusters, and whole clusters are selected randomly | 12 | |
| 8231623386 | Systematic Sample | Sampling design in which one of the first k individuals in the sampling frame is selected at random and every kth person after that is also selected | 13 | |
| 8231662051 | Convenience Sample | A sample that is chosen from individuals who are conveniently available. Convenience samples often fail to be representative of the population form which they are chosen. | 14 | |
| 8231683544 | Observational Study | Study based on data where there was no manipulation of factors. Cannot be used to establish cause and effect. | 15 | |
| 8231688790 | Experiment | Study that involves a manipulation of factors to create treatments. Can be used to establish cause and effect. | 16 | |
| 8231709620 | Factor | A variable that is manipulated by the experimenter. | 17 | |
| 8231718273 | Response Variable | Variable whose values are measured at the end of an experiment to compare treatments. | 18 | |
| 8231730227 | Experimental Units | Individuals on whom an experiment is performed. Usually called subjects or participants if they are humans. | 19 | |
| 8231739693 | Levels | The specific values that the experimenter chooses for a factor. | 20 | |
| 8231750554 | Treatment | The process or intervention that is applied to the experimental units | 21 | |
| 8231766955 | Principles of Experimental Design | Control, Randomization, and Replication (Every well-designed experiment must have these) | 22 | |
| 8231778813 | Control Group | Group in an experiment that gets no treatment or a placebo treatment. This group gives the experimenter a basis for comparison with the other treatments. It enables the experimenter to see how much the response variable would have changed if no treatment was applied. | 23 | |
| 8231814663 | Blinding | When any individual associated with an experiment is not aware of how the subjects have been allocated to the treatments. | 24 | |
| 8231827815 | Placebo | A treatment known to have no effect. | 25 | |
| 8231832096 | Placebo Effect | Tendency of human subjects to show a response even when administered a placebo. | 26 | |
| 8231840275 | Blocking | When groups of experimental units are placed together based on a similarity they possess that may influence the response variable. Blocking serves the same purpose in an experiment that stratification serves in sampling. | 27 | |
| 8231863334 | Matching | When subjects in a study are placed in groups of 2 based on a similarity they possess. | 28 | |
| 8231971619 | Confounding | When the effects of two different factors cannot be separated in an experiment. This results in the experimenter not knowing what caused changes in the response variable. | 29 |