AP Biology Energy for Life Flashcards

This AP biology exam review covers energy, thermodynamics, metabolism, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration.

5006481132	energy	the ability to cause change; ability to do work	0
5006481137	first law of thermodynamics	energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another	1
5006481138	second law of thermodynamics	any time energy is converted the entropy (disorder) of the universe increases	2
5006481140	Gibbs free energy	energy in a system that is available to do work	3
5006481141	exergonic	Chemical reactions that release energy	4
5006481142	endergonic	A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed.	5
5006481144	ATP	molecule made in cellular respiration; functions as the cell's energy currency	6
5006481145	metabolic pathway	a series of enzymes-catalyzed reactions in which the product of one is the reactant of another	7
5006481146	catabolism	metabolic pathway that breaks down substances and releases energy	8
5006481147	anabolism	metabolic pathway that builds substances and stores energy	9
5006481160	autotrophs	organisms that make their own food, usually from the sun	10
5006481161	producers	autotrophs; make their own food	11
5006481162	photoautotrophs	autotrophs that make their own food from the sun	12
5006481163	heterotrophs	consume other organisms for energy	13
5006481164	consumers	heterotrophs; eat for food	14
5006481167	photosynthesis	chemical reaction used by autotrophs to make food from sun	15
5006481168	cellular respiration	chemical reaction used by autotrophs and heterotrophs to get energy from food	16
5006481172	chloroplasts	organelles which contain pigments (chlorophyll) and are the site of photosynthesis in plants	17
5006481173	stroma	fluid-filled area within the chloroplast; location of the Calvin cycle	18
5006481174	thylakoids	vast network of interconnected membranous sacs in chloroplasts; location of the light reaction	19
5006481178	ATP, NADPH, oxygen	products of the light reaction of photosynthesis	20
5006568458	Calvin cycle	reactions of photosynthesis in which ATP and NADPH is used to fix carbon from carbon dioxide, producing carbohydrates such as glucose	21
5006809900	light reaction	stage of photosynthesis that is dependent on light; ATP and NADPH are produced; in eukaryotes it takes place on the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.	22
5006820814	photosystem	A cluster of pigments embedded into a thylakoid membrane.	23
5006481180	chemiosmosis	Process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work, notably synthesis of ATP.	24
5006580537	ATP, NADPH, carbon dioxide	reactants for the Calvin cycle	25
5006481189	Cellular respiration	Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen	26
5006481190	Fermentation	Partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen	27
5006481197	NAD and FAD	electron carriers in cellular respiration	28
5006615043	NADP	electron carrier in photosynthesis	29
5006481198	Redox reaction	Oxidation (an atom loses electrons) and reduction (an atom gains electrons) reactions	30
5006481200	Glycolysis	Catabolism of glucose or other monosaccharides to pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP	31
5006481205	Krebs cycle	stage of cellular respiration, in which acetyl-CoA is combined with oxaloacetate to form citric acid. The citric acid is then decarboxylated twice and isomerized to recreate oxaloacetate. In the process, 3 molecules of NADH, 1 molecule of FADH2, and 1 molecule of GTP are formed	32
5006661808	oxidative phosphorylation	The oxidation electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP, producing ATP. In eukaryotes, this process occurs in the mitochondira.	33
5006674734	electron transport chain	enzyme complexes found along the inner mitochondrial membrane and thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; movement of electrons is associated with pumping H+ across the membrane	34
5006791343	oxygen	final electron acceptor in cellular respiration	35