AP Flashcards

7612880331	polygenic traits	expression of multiple genes on different chromosomes (height, eye and skin color, intelligence)	0
7628428756	anatomy	scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure	1
7628428793	physiology	scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things	2
7628439694	6 levels of organization in the body	1. chemical level- atoms combine to form molecules 2. cell level-molecules form organelles (nucleus) 3. tissue level-similar cells make up tissues 4. organ level-tissue combines to make organs 5. organ system level 6. organism level	3
7628483811	Characteristics of Life	1. Organization: condition in which there are specific relationships and functions 2. Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body 3. Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and adjust 4. Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells 5. Development: changes in an organism over time Differentiation: change from general to specific Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs 6. Reproduction: new cells or new organisms	4
7628501826	Homeostasis	Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values	5
7628508475	components and functions of a feedback loop	receptor: monitors the value of some variable control center: establishes the set point effector: can change the value of the variable	6
7628511544	positive feedback	Changes from the normal point and amplifies it. (fever, blood clots, child birth)	7
7628511545	negative feedback	Works to correct a deviation from a set point (Tries to get back to the set point/normal) ex. body temp, BP	8
7628678099	3 planes of body	coronal- divides anterior and posterior transverse sagittal	9
7628790191	2 body cavities	dorsal and ventral	10
7628798517	d....... cavity 2	cranial, vertebral	11
7628798518	v.... cavity 3	pelvic, thoracic, abdominal	12
7628902593	organs found in mediastinum	esophagus, trachea, blood vessels, thymus, heart	13
7628902594	organs found in the diaphragm	pelvic, abdominal	14
7612930639	tissue	group of similar cells that perform a common function	15
7612932915	matrix	nonliving intercellular material	16
7612956162	4 classes of tissue	epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous	17
7612959289	histology	microscopic study of tissues	18
7612976929	desmosomes	disk shaped regions of cell membrane, stratified squamous epithelium of the skin	19
7612976930	tight junctions	hold cells together, form permeability barrier	20
7612979019	gap junctions	allows ions and small molecules to pass through	21
7613044671	endoderm	inner layer, forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives	22
7613047985	mesoderm	middle layer, forms tissues as such muscle, bone, blood vessels	23
7613054668	ectoderm	outer layer, forms skin and neuroectoderm	24
7613059813	histogenesis	process of the primary germ layers differentiating into different kinds of tissue	25
7613112375	protein fibers	structural proteins, collagen and elastin	26
7613125547	hyaluronic acid	lubricant for joints	27
7613129919	proteoglycans	hybrid molecules that are mostly carbohydrates attached to a protein backbone	28
7613135192	glycoproteins	proteins with carbohydrate attachments, allows communication within a tissue	29
7613185781	epithelial tissue	covers body surfaces and forms glands, almost entirely of cells, basement membrane, avascular, regenerate, specialized cell contacts	30
7613269979	functions of epithelial tissue	protecting underlying structure, acts as a barrier, permitting the passage of substances, recreating and absorbing substances	31
7635835169	connective tissue	a type of tissue in which cells usually occupy less space than the extracellular material (highly vascular)	32
7635837954	function of connective tissue	binds organs to each other, supports and protects organs. Encloses and separates other tissues	33
7635872125	collagenous fibers in connective tissue	tough, flexible, and resist stretching, tendons and ligaments of the skin are made from it	34
7635873594	reticular fibers in connective tissue	thin college fibers coated w glycoprotein, found in lymphatic organs	35
7635873595	elastic fibers in connective tissue	branch and rejoin each other, made of elastin protein, allows stretch and recoil	36
7635910412	areolar tissue	loosely organized fibers, lots of blood vessels, and a lot of empty space, underlies all epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels	37
7635931088	reticular tissue	forms supportive framework for lymphatic organs and bone marrow	38
7635935268	adipose tissue	empty looking cells with thin margins, energy storage, insulation, cushioning	39
7635957715	dense connective tissue	densely packet, parallel collagen fibers, tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together	40
7635974658	dense regular elastic connective tissue	ligaments in vocal folds, nuchal ligament	41
7635986645	dense irregular fibrous connective tissue	densely packed, irregularly arranges around the dermas of skin	42
7636009312	bone	connective tissue, rigid, supports spongy-trabeculae compact- shaft and surrounds spongy bone, circle layers	43
7636049620	hyaline cartilage	most common, protects ends of bones	44
7636062002	fibrocartilage		45
7636063974	elastic cartilage		46
7636083894	blood-fluid connective		47