APES Friedland Chapter 5 Flashcards

9679599095	ecosystem diversity	the measure of the variety of ecosystems within a region	0
9679599096	species diversity	the measure of the variety of species within an ecosystem	1
9679599097	genetic diversity	the measure of the variety of genes within a species	2
9679599098	species richness	the number of species in a given area	3
9679599099	species eveness	tells us whether a particular ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species or whether all of its species have similar abundances	4
9679599100	phylogenies	the branching patterns of evolutionary relationships	5
9679599101	evolution	a change in the genetic composition of a population over time	6
9679599102	microevolution	the evolution below the species level, such as the evolution of different varieties of apples or potatoes	7
9679599103	macroevolution	the process in which genetic changes give rise to a new species, genera, family, class, or phyla	8
9679599104	genes	are physical locations on chromosomes within each cell of an organism; determines the range of possible traits that it can pass down to its offspring	9
9679599105	genotype	the complete set of genes in an individual	10
9679599106	mutation	an occasional mistake in the copying process of DNA produces a random change in the genetic code	11
9679599107	recombination	occurs as chromosomes are duplicated during reproductive cell division and a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome	12
9679599108	phenotype	the actual set of traits expressed in that individual	13
9679599109	artificial selection	when humans determine which individuals breed, typically with a preconceived set of traits in mind	14
9679599110	natural selection	the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce	15
9679599111	fitness	an individual's ability to survive and reproduce	16
9679599112	adaptations	traits that improve an individual's fitness	17
9679599113	genetic drift	a change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating	18
9679599114	bottleneck effect	a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size	19
9679599115	founder effect	a change in a population descended from a small number of colonizing individuals	20
9679599116	geographic isolation	when a subset of individuals from a larger population may colonize a new area of habitat that is physically separated from that of the rest of the population	21
9679599117	reproductive isolation	when the geographically separated population becomes so different that even if the physical barrier were removed, they could no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring	22
9679599118	allopatric speciation	a process of speciation that requires geographic isolation	23
9679599119	sympatric speciation	the evolution of one species into two species in the absence of geographic isolation	24
9679599120	genetic engineering	techniques in which scientists can now copy genes form a species with some desirable trait and insert these genes into other species	25
9679599121	genetically modified organisms	organisms that have had their genetic makeup modified by genetic engineering	26
9679599122	range of tolerance	limits to the abiotic conditions they can tolerate	27
9679599123	fundamental niche	The full potential range of the physical, chemical, and biological factors a species can use if there is no competition from other species.	28
9679599124	realized niche	the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives	29
9679599125	species distribution	the areas of the world in which the species lives	30
9679599126	niche generalists	organisms that can live in a variety of habitats or feed on a variety of species	31
9679599127	niche specialists	organisms that are specialized to lie in a specific habitat of feed on a small group of species	32
9679599128	fossils	the remains of organisms that have been preserved in rock	33
9679599129	mass extinction	events in which large number of species when extinct over relatively short periods of time	34
9679599130	sixth mass extinction	scientists have predicted/identified a new mass extinction is underway and an estimated 2-25 percent of species will go extinct; it is caused by humans	35
9679599131	endemic species	A species that is found in its originating location and is generally restricted to that geographic area.	36
9679599132	biodiversity hot spot	A relatively small area with an exceptional concentration of endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species	37