AP Biology Cells Review Flashcards

9881827790	endergonic reaction	reaction where energy is stored in chemical bonds	0
9881827791	exergonic reaction	reaction where energy is released from chemical bonds	1
9881827792	Prokaryotic Cells	Bacteria; no nucleus or organelles	2
9881827793	Eukaryotic cells	complex; have organelles	3
9881827794	Ribosome	2 subunits of rRNA; responsible for protein synthesis	4
9881827795	Golgi Body	Part of the endomembrane system; cis face receives materials, so that they can be modified and packaged; trans face releases vesicles	5
9881827796	Rough ER	aids in protein synthesis by altering the structure of proteins; contains ribosomes	6
9881827797	Smooth ER	site of lipid synthesis; involved in detoxification of cells	7
9881827798	Vacuoles	storage vesicles found within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells	8
9881827799	Central Vacuole	When filled with water it maintains turgor pressure of plant cells; not found in animal cells	9
9881827800	Chloroplast	site of photosynthesis; only in plant cells; appear green due to the pigment chlorophyll which reflects green light	10
9881827801	mitochondria	found in BOTH plant and animal cells; site of cellular respiration whereby ATP is made	11
9881827802	lysosome	a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes to break down cellular food and/or waste	12
9881827803	nucleus	home of the genetic information (DNA)	13
9881827804	nucleolus	site of ribosome synthesis; found in the center of the nucleus	14
9881827805	chromatin	the form in which DNA is found within the nucleus during the majority of the cell cycle	15
9881827806	nuclear envelope	surrounds the nucleus and contains pores to allow for communication with the rest of the cell, as well as, allowing for ribosomes to exit the nucleolus	16
9881827807	animals, plants, fungi, protista	eukaryotic	17
9881827808	bacteria	prokaryotic	18
9881827812	cell membrane	found in ALL cell types surrounding the cytoplasm and maintaining selective permeability	19
9881827813	cell wall	Found in plant, fungal, bacterial, and some prostist cells; rigid wall for protection and shape; regulates the cell's volume	20
9881827814	turgor pressure	exerted onto the cell wall in order to maintain rigid, upright, and erect plant cells and leaves (maximizing photosynthesis)	21
9881827815	photosynthesis	uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen (which is given off as a byproduct)	22
9881827816	cellular respiration	conversion of glucose into ATP, water, and CO2; occurs in the mitochondria	23
9881827817	cytoskeleton	composed of protein filaments and microtubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm and allow for cellular movement and structure	24
9881827818	centrioles	small structures composed of microtubules that organize the cytoskeleton during cell division	25
9881827819	flagella	long whip-like tails that allow for cell movement; found in sperm cells	26
9881827820	cilia	short hair-like extensions of the cell membrane that wave back and forth allowing for cell movement; found within cells of the respiratory system	27
9881827822	catabolic reactions	chemical reaction whereby large molecules are broken down (ex: glycogen converted into many glucose monosaccharides)	28
9881827823	anabolic reactions	chemical reaction whereby small molecules come together (as water is removed) to build large molecules (ex: amino acids coming together to create a protein)	29
9881827829	osmosis	movement of water from high to low concentration through aquaporins	30
9881827830	diffusion	movement of solutes from high to low concentration across the phospholipid bilayer	31
9881827831	facilitated diffusion	movement of large and/or polar solutes from high to low concentration through a channel or carrier protein within the cell membrane	32
9881827832	carrier protein	allow for specific molecules to bind and cross the cell membrane	33
9881827833	channel protein	a ligand attaches to its binding site, modifying its shape allowing for the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane	34
9881827835	amphipathic	molecules containing a polar and non-polar region; example: phospholipids	35
9881827836	phospholipid tails	the non-polar region of the cell membrane	36
9881827837	phospholipid heads	the polar regions of the cell membrane (facing the extracellular and intracellular areas)	37
9881827838	hydrophilic	polar	38
9881827839	hydrophobic	nonpolar	39
9881827840	cytoplasm	gel-like matrix in which organelles are suspended	40
9881827841	organelles	contain their own phospholipid bilayers within the cell	41
9881827842	passive transport	movement of molecules along or with the concentration gradient (high to low)	42
9881827843	active transport	movement of molecules against the concentration gradient (low to high)	43
9881827849	Cell signaling pathway	ligand binding(Reception) - stimulation of receptor(Transduction) - cellular response	44
9881827851	ATP	Adenosine triphosphate	45
9881827852	isotonic environment	solute concentrations inside and out of the cell are equal	46
9881827853	hypertonic environment	solute concentration outside of the cell is higher than inside the cell	47
9881827854	hypotonic environment	solute concentration outside of the cell is lower than inside the cell	48
9881827855	result of a hypotonic environment	cytolysis (splitting of a cell)	49
9881827856	result of a hypertonic environment	plasmolysis (release of cytoplasm; cell shrinking)	50
9881827857	equilibrium	concentrations of water inside and outside of cell are equal	51
9881827858	effect of a cell being in equilibrium	water flows into and out of the cell in equal amounts	52
9881827859	peripheral proteins involved in cellular recognition	glycoproteins	53
9881827860	cholesterol	a lipid that helps to maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane	54