AP World Chapter 5 Flashcards

7795451404	Cyrus the Great	Founded Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires.	0
7795451405	Zoroastrianism	Persian religion that saw material existence as a battle between the forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; a last judgment decided the eternal fate of each person.	1
7795451406	Olympic Games	One of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations.	2
7795451407	Pericles	Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E.; guided development of Athenian Empire.	3
7795451408	Peloponnesian War	War from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between Athens and Sparta for domination in Greece; the Spartans won but failed to achieve political unification in Greece.	4
7795451409	Philip of Macedonia	Ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; conquered Greece.	5
7795451410	Hellenistic	Culture associated with the spread of Greek influence and intermixture with other cultures as a result of Macedonian conquests.	6
7795451411	Republic	The balanced political system of Rome from circa 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic senate, a panel of magistrates, and popular assemblies.	7
7795451412	Punic Wars	Three conflicts (264-146 B.C.E.) between Rome and the Carthaginians; saw the transformation of Rome from a land to a sea power.	8
7795451413	Carthage	Founded by the Phoenicians in Tunisia; became a major empire in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic wars with Rome for Mediterranean dominance; defeated and destroyed by the Romans.	9
7795451414	Hannibal	Carthaginian general during the second Punic War; invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome.	10
7795451415	Julius Caesar	General responsible for the conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in B.C.E. by conservative senators.	11
7795451416	Caesar Augustus	Name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome.	12
7795451417	Diocletian	Roman emperor from 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection.	13
7795451418	Constantine	Roman emperor from 312 to 337 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually.	14
7795451419	Polis	City-state form of government typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E.	15
7795451420	Direct democracy	Literally, rule of the people—in Athens, it meant all free male citizens; all decisions emanated from the popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives.	16
7795451421	Senate	Assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution.	17
7795451422	Consuls	Two chief executives of the Roman republic; elected annually by the assembly dominated by the aristocracy.	18
7795451423	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander; taught that knowledge was based upon observation of phenomena in material world.	19
7795451424	Cicero	Conservative senator and Stoic philosopher; one of the great orators of his day.	20
7795451425	Stoics	Hellenistic philosophers; they emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery.	21
7795451426	Socrates	Athenian philosopher of later 5th century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection in moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young.	22
7795451427	Sophocles	Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex.	23
7795451428	Iliad and Odyssey	Greek epic poems attributed to Homer; defined relations of gods and humans that shaped Greek mythology.	24
7795451429	Doric, Ionic, Corinthian	Three distinct styles of Hellenic architecture; listed in order of increasing ornate quality.	25