AP Biology Cells Review Flashcards

9771389034	endergonic reaction	reaction where energy is stored in chemical bonds	0
9771389035	exergonic reaction	reaction where energy is released from chemical bonds	1
9771389036	Prokaryotic Cells	Bacteria; no nucleus or organelles	2
9771389037	Eukaryotic cells	complex; have organelles	3
9771389038	Ribosome	2 subunits of rRNA; responsible for protein synthesis	4
9771389039	Golgi Body	Part of the endomembrane system; cis face receives materials, so that they can be modified and packaged; trans face releases vesicles	5
9771389040	Rough ER	aids in protein synthesis by altering the structure of proteins; contains ribosomes	6
9771389041	Smooth ER	site of lipid synthesis; involved in detoxification of cells	7
9771389042	Vacuoles	storage vesicles found within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells	8
9771389043	Central Vacuole	When filled with water it maintains turgor pressure of plant cells; not found in animal cells	9
9771389044	Chloroplast	site of photosynthesis; only in plant cells; appear green due to the pigment chlorophyll which reflects green light	10
9771389045	mitochondria	found in BOTH plant and animal cells; site of cellular respiration whereby ATP is made	11
9771389046	lysosome	a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes to break down cellular food and/or waste	12
9771389047	nucleus	home of the genetic information (DNA)	13
9771389048	nucleolus	site of ribosome synthesis; found in the center of the nucleus	14
9771389049	chromatin	the form in which DNA is found within the nucleus during the majority of the cell cycle	15
9771389050	nuclear envelope	surrounds the nucleus and contains pores to allow for communication with the rest of the cell, as well as, allowing for ribosomes to exit the nucleolus	16
9771389051	animals, plants, fungi, protista	eukaryotic	17
9771389052	bacteria	prokaryotic	18
9771389056	cell membrane	found in ALL cell types surrounding the cytoplasm and maintaining selective permeability	19
9771389057	cell wall	Found in plant, fungal, bacterial, and some prostist cells; rigid wall for protection and shape; regulates the cell's volume	20
9771389058	turgor pressure	exerted onto the cell wall in order to maintain rigid, upright, and erect plant cells and leaves (maximizing photosynthesis)	21
9771389059	photosynthesis	uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen (which is given off as a byproduct)	22
9771389060	cellular respiration	conversion of glucose into ATP, water, and CO2; occurs in the mitochondria	23
9771389061	cytoskeleton	composed of protein filaments and microtubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm and allow for cellular movement and structure	24
9771389062	centrioles	small structures composed of microtubules that organize the cytoskeleton during cell division	25
9771389063	flagella	long whip-like tails that allow for cell movement; found in sperm cells	26
9771389064	cilia	short hair-like extensions of the cell membrane that wave back and forth allowing for cell movement; found within cells of the respiratory system	27
9771389066	catabolic reactions	chemical reaction whereby large molecules are broken down (ex: glycogen converted into many glucose monosaccharides)	28
9771389067	anabolic reactions	chemical reaction whereby small molecules come together (as water is removed) to build large molecules (ex: amino acids coming together to create a protein)	29
9771389069	enthalpy	the total energy within a system	30
9771389070	entropy	a measure of the disorder within a system	31
9771389071	high entropy	A great amount of disorder; low available energy as it has been released from chemical bonds	32
9771389072	low entropy	a large amount of stored energy; an anabolic reaction has occurred	33
9771389073	osmosis	movement of water from high to low concentration through aquaporins	34
9771389074	diffusion	movement of solutes from high to low concentration across the phospholipid bilayer	35
9771389075	facilitated diffusion	movement of large and/or polar solutes from high to low concentration through a channel or carrier protein within the cell membrane	36
9771389076	carrier protein	allow for specific molecules to bind and cross the cell membrane	37
9771389077	channel protein	a ligand attaches to its binding site, modifying its shape allowing for the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane	38
9771389080	phospholipid tails	the non-polar region of the cell membrane	39
9771389081	phospholipid heads	the polar regions of the cell membrane (facing the extracellular and intracellular areas)	40
9771389082	hydrophilic	polar	41
9771389083	hydrophobic	nonpolar	42
9771389084	cytoplasm	gel-like matrix in which organelles are suspended	43
9771389085	organelles	contain their own phospholipid bilayers within the cell	44
9771389086	passive transport	movement of molecules along or with the concentration gradient (high to low)	45
9771389087	active transport	movement of molecules against the concentration gradient (low to high)	46
9771389088	endocytosis	a vesicle forms along the cell membrane and pinches off within the cell - allowing for substances to enter	47
9771389089	phagocytosis	large, solid molecules brought into the cell via cell membrane pockets (called vesicles)	48
9771389090	pinocytosis	small, liquid molecules brought into the cell via cell membrane pockets (called vesicles)	49
9771389091	receptor-mediated endocytosis	receptors along the surface of the cell membrane allow for the binding of specific molecules, then causing a vesicle to form around them, bringing them into the cell	50
9771389093	Cell signaling pathway	ligand binding(Reception) - stimulation of receptor(Transduction) - cellular response	51
9771389094	Ion channels	allow movement of charged molecules to diffuse across the cell membrane following the binding of a ligand	52
9771389095	ATP	Adenosine triphosphate	53
9771389096	isotonic environment	solute concentrations inside and out of the cell are equal	54
9771389097	hypertonic environment	solute concentration outside of the cell is higher than inside the cell	55
9771389098	hypotonic environment	solute concentration outside of the cell is lower than inside the cell	56
9771389099	result of a hypotonic environment	cytolysis (splitting of a cell)	57
9771389100	result of a hypertonic environment	plasmolysis (release of cytoplasm; cell shrinking)	58
9771389101	equilibrium	concentrations of water inside and outside of cell are equal	59
9771389102	effect of a cell being in equilibrium	water flows into and out of the cell in equal amounts	60
9771389103	peripheral proteins involved in cellular recognition	glycoproteins	61
9771389104	cholesterol	a lipid that helps to maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane	62
9771389113	hypertonic		63
9771389114	hypotonic		64
9771389115	isotonic		65