AP Biology Unit 1 Flashcards
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| 7479873196 | macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are examples of this type of molecule. | 0 | |
| 7479873197 | polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together. | 1 | |
| 7479873198 | monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. | 2 | |
| 7479873199 | dehydration synthesis | A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water | 3 | |
| 7479873200 | hydrolysis | A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers. | 4 | |
| 7479873201 | carbohydrate | A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). | 5 | |
| 7479873202 | monosaccharide | The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars. | 6 | |
| 7479873203 | dissacharide | A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis. | 7 | |
| 7479873204 | glycosidic linkage | A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. | 8 | |
| 7479873205 | polysaccharide | A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions. | 9 | |
| 7479873206 | starch | A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages. | 10 | |
| 7479873207 | glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. | 11 | |
| 7479873208 | cellulose | A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages. | 12 | |
| 7479873209 | chitin | A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods. | 13 | |
| 7479873210 | fat | A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. | 14 | |
| 7479873211 | unsaturated fatty acid | A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. | 15 | |
| 7479873212 | saturated fatty acid | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton. | 16 | |
| 7479873213 | phospholipid | A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes. | 17 | |
| 7479873214 | cholesterol | A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones. | 18 | |
| 7479873215 | polypeptide | A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. | 19 | |
| 7479873216 | protein | A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. | 20 | |
| 7479873217 | amino acid | An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. They serve as the monomers of polypeptides. | 21 | |
| 7479873218 | peptide bond | The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. | 22 | |
| 7479873219 | gene | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). | 23 | |
| 7479873220 | nucleic acid | A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA. | 24 | |
| 7479873221 | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. | 25 | |
| 7479873222 | ribonucleic acid (RNA) | A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses. | 26 | |
| 7479873223 | nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. | 27 | |
| 7479873224 | purine | One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine (A) and guanine (G). | 28 | |
| 7479873225 | pyrimidine | One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U). | 29 | |
| 7479873226 | ribose | The sugar component of RNA nucleotides. | 30 | |
| 7479873227 | deoxyribose | The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. | 31 | |
| 7479873228 | double helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. | 32 | |
| 7479873229 | carbonyl | carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom | 33 | |
| 7479873230 | carboxyl | A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. | 34 | |
| 7479873231 | hydroxyl | A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols. | 35 | |
| 7479873232 | phosphate | Functional groups containing a phosphorus and oxygen | 36 | |
| 7479873233 | amino group | A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms | 37 | |
| 7479873234 | sulfhydryl | Functional group containing sulfur and hydrogen | 38 | |
| 7479875187 | Prokaryotic cell | Simple, no nucleus, many have cell wall with peptidoglycan, bacteria | 39 | |
| 7479875188 | Eukaryotic cell | Complex cell with a nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles | 40 | |
| 7479875189 | Organelle | little organ - compartmentalized structures that perform specific functions | 41 | |
| 7479875190 | Cell | Basic functional unit of all living things | 42 | |
| 7479875191 | Cell membrane | Separates internal metabolic events from the external environment, controls movement of materials into and out of the cell | 43 | |
| 7479875192 | Nucleus | Contains DNA and acts as the control center of the cell | 44 | |
| 7479875193 | Nuclear envelope | Two phospholipid bilayers that surround the nucleus; contain nuclear pores to allow RNA and ribosomes to exit; attaches to rough ER | 45 | |
| 7479875194 | Nucleolus | Found within nucleus; makes ribosomes | 46 | |
| 7479875195 | Ribosomes | Make proteins; consist of small and large subunit; composed of rRNA and proteins | 47 | |
| 7479875196 | Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Ribosomes present; creates glycoproteins, packages proteins for secretion, sends transport vesicles to Golgi, makes replacement membranes | 48 | |
| 7479875197 | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | No ribosomes; makes lipids and steroid hormones, metabolizes carbs, stores calcium and helps regulate muscle contraction, breakdown of toxins, drugs, and toxic by-products | 49 | |
| 7479875198 | Golgi apparatus | Collect and modify proteins and lipids made in other areas of the cell and package them into vesicles; as proteins exit, they are packaged in a vesicle that goes through exocytosis | 50 | |
| 7479875199 | Lysosomes | Contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down food, cellular debris, and foreign invaders like bacteria | 51 | |
| 7479875200 | Peroxisomes | Break down various toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide, fatty acids, and amino acids | 52 | |
| 7479875201 | Mitochondria | Perform cellular respiration to convert glucose into ATP | 53 | |
| 7479875202 | Chloroplasts | Perform chloroplasts to convert sunlight into glucose | 54 | |
| 7479875203 | Cytoskeleton | Network of protein fibers extending from the nucleus to the membrane - structural support, motility, and regulation | 55 | |
| 7479875204 | Cilia | Extension of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to move; oar-like movement that moves the cell perpendicular to the cilium; many and short | 56 | |
| 7479875205 | Flagella | Extension of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to move; whip-like movement; cell moves in same direction as flagellum; few and long | 57 | |
| 7479875206 | Transport vesicle | Move materials through the cell | 58 | |
| 7479875207 | Food vacuole | Temporary receptacle of nutrients, often merge with lysosomes for digestion | 59 | |
| 7479875208 | Contractile vacuoles | Collect and pump excess water out of the cell | 60 | |
| 7479875209 | Central vacuoles | Large bodies occupying most of the interior of many plant cells; maintain rigidity of cell wall, stores things, allows cell to "grow" | 61 | |
| 7479875210 | Cell wall | Provide support for the cell on the outside of the plasma membrane; found in plants, fungi, and many protists | 62 | |
| 7479875211 | Endosymbiotic theory | Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from ancient prokaryotes that invaded other prokaryotic cells, and formed a symbiotic relationship | 63 | |
| 7479877402 | plasma membrane | It consists of phospholipids and has a hydrophilic head with a hydrophobic tail. This controls what can and cannot enter and leave a cell. It is what diffusion and osmosis occur over. | 64 | |
| 7479877403 | fluid-mosaic model | explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membranes. The model describes the cell membrane as a two-dimensional liquid that allows the lateral diffusion of membrane components. | 65 | |
| 7479877404 | phospholipid | This is what makes up the cell or plasma membrane. It has a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. | 66 | |
| 7479877405 | plasmolysis | contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell. | 67 | |
| 7479877406 | integral proteins | Proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane that help with functions varying from transport to cell recognition. | 68 | |
| 7479877407 | lysis | the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane | 69 | |
| 7479877408 | facilitated diffusion | Facilitated diffusion is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a cell's membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. | 70 | |
| 7479877409 | transport protein | Transport proteins are integral proteins; that exist permanently to assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion or active transport. | 71 | |
| 7479877410 | diffusion | The net passive movement of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) from a region in which they are in higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. It continues until the concentration of substances is uniform throughout. | 72 | |
| 7479877411 | active transport | The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration—in the direction against some gradient or other obstructing factor (often a concentration gradient). | 73 | |
| 7479877412 | passive transport | Movement (like Diffusion and Osmosis) that does not require an input of energy | 74 | |
| 7479877413 | endocytosis | Form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell by engulfing them in an energy-using process. | 75 | |
| 7479877414 | selectively permeable | allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport. | 76 | |
| 7479877415 | exocytosis | a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane. | 77 | |
| 7479877416 | hypertonic | When a solution that has a greater concentration of solutes on the outside of a cell when compared with the inside of a cell. | 78 | |
| 7479877417 | hypotonic | When a solution has a lower concentration of solutes on the outside of a cell when compared with the inside of a cell. | 79 | |
| 7479877418 | isotonic | When a solution has a equal concentration of solutes on the outside of a cell when compared with the inside of a cell. | 80 | |
| 7479877419 | Glycolipids | Lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond. Sometimes used in cell-cell recognition. | 81 | |
| 7479877420 | Glycoprotein | any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain often used in cell-cell recognition | 82 | |
| 7479877421 | Oligosaccardies | a carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide units (about 15). Usually invovled in cell-cel recognition | 83 | |
| 7479877422 | osmosis | the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration | 84 | |
| 7479877423 | solvent | fluid in which a substance is dissolved | 85 | |
| 7479877424 | solute | a substance dissolved into a solvent | 86 | |
| 7479877425 | solution | combination of solute and solvent | 87 | |
| 7479877426 | water potential | combination of solute potential and pressure potential | 88 |