AP Biology Evolution Flashcards

9341074125	homologous structures	structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry	0
9341074126	vestigial structures	remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors	1
9341074127	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	2
9341074128	Hardy-Weinberg	the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work	3
9341074129	gene pool	the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population	4
9341074130	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	5
9341074131	natural selection	a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	6
9341074132	genetic drift	changes in the gene pool due to random events	7
9341074133	founder effect	when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	8
9341074134	bottleneck effect	when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether	9
9341074135	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	10
9341074136	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other	11
9341074137	disruptive selection	when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes	12
9341074138	stabilizing selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants	13
9341074139	sexual selection	a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	14
9341074140	sexual dimorphism	marked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction or survival (differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior)	15
9341074141	diploidy	the state of being diploid, that is having two sets of chromosomes	16
9341074142	heterozygote advantage	when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous	17
9341074143	frequency-dependent selection	fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population	18
9341074144	speciation	the process by which one species splits into two or more species	19
9341074145	microevolution	changes over time in allele frequencies in a population	20
9341074146	macroevolution	the broad pattern of evolution over long time spans	21
9341074147	species	a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups	22
9341074148	reproductive isolation	the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring	23
9341074149	hybrids	offspring that result from interspecific mating	24
9341074150	prezygotic barriers	impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)	25
9341074151	post zygotic barriers	prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown	26
9341074152	allopatric speciation	gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations	27
9341074153	sympatric speciation	speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)	28
9341074154	polyploidy	extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division	29
9341074155	autopolyploid	an individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species	30
9341074157	punctuated equilibrium	the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change	31
9341074158	ribozyme	RNA that can also carry out a number of enzyme-like catalytic functions	32
9341074160	endosymbiosis	mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells	33
9341074161	adaptive radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities	34
9341074162	homeotic genes	master regulatory genes that determine such basic features as where a pair of wings and a pair of legs will develop on a bird or how a plant's flower parts are arranged	35
9341074163	phylogeny	the evolutionary history of a species or group of species	36
9341074164	systematics	study and classification of biodiversity and determining their evolutionary relationships	37
9341074165	phylogenetic tree	evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram	38
9341074166	analogy	similarity due to convergent evolution	39
9341074167	homology	similarity due to shared ancestry	40
9341074168	clade	a group of species which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants	41
9341074169	outgroup	a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying	42
9341074170	maximum parsimony	a principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts	43
9341074171	molecular clock	a yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates	44
9341074172	horizontal gene transfer	a process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection and perhaps fusion of organisms	45
9341074173	Darwin's Theory (five parts)	1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)	46
9341074175	Monophyletic	A branch on a phylogenetic tree that contains all decscendants of a common ancestor	47
9341074176	Abiogenesis	origin of life from nonliving matter	48
9341074177	abiotic synthesis	formation of organic molecules from inorganic material	49
9341074178	last universal common ancestor (LUCA)	a common ancestor to all organisms that live and had lived on Earth	50
9341074179	protocell	organic polymers enclosed in a membrane	51
9341074181	geologic timescale	division of the history of Earth into eras, periods and epochs	52
9341074182	extinction	total disappearance of all members of a species	53
9341074183	mass extinction	total disappearance of a large number a species within a few million years	54
9341074184	extant	still in existance	55
9341074185	fitness	ability to produce surviving offspring	56
9341074186	morphological species concept	new species differ by physical characteristics known as diagnostic traits	57
9341074187	evolutionary species concept	members of a species share distinct evolutionary pathway and common traits	58
9341074188	phylogenetic species concept	a family tree is used to identify species based on a common ancestor	59
9341074189	biological species concept	species are identified as separate because of reproductive isolation.	60
9341074190	plate tectonics	branch of geology which follows the movement of pieces of Earth's crust which float on a lower, hot mantle layer	61
9341074191	continental drift	change over time of the positions of the continents	62
9341074192	fossil	remains and traces of evidence of past life	63
9341074193	paleontology	study of the fossil record	64
9341074195	absolute dating	relies on radiometric dating to assign an age to a fossil	65
9341311338	transitional fossil	any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group	66