AP Biology Cell Cycle Flashcards
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| 9785513391 | Mitosis | Cell division that produces normal cells, produces two identical daughter cells. | 0 | |
| 9785513392 | Meiosis | Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms, produces four identical daughter cells. | 1 | |
| 9785513393 | Centrioles | In animal cells, a pair of centrioles organize microtubules into spindle fibers. These guide chromosomes in mitosis. | 2 | |
| 9785513395 | Interphase | 90% of the cell cycle. The cell does its "everyday job": RNA is produced, proteins are synthesized. The cell is preparing for duplication -- it is ready whenever it is triggered. |  | 3 |
| 9785513396 | G1 Phase | Initiated by a signal to divide. 1st growth period of the cell. Cell does its "everyday job." Cell grows, preparing for division. | 4 | |
| 9785513397 | S Phase | DNA Synthesis. The cell copies chromosomes. | 5 | |
| 9785513398 | Chromatin | The DNA-Protein complex formed when DNA molecules wrap around histone proteins. | 6 | |
| 9785513399 | Chromosomes | A doubled rod of condensed chromatin; contains DNA that carries genetic information. |  | 7 |
| 9785513400 | Centromeres | Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached. | 8 | |
| 9785513401 | Sister Chromatids | Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis. |  | 9 |
| 9785513402 | Homologous Chromosomes | Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis. Code for the same gene, but may have different alleles. |  | 10 |
| 9785513403 | G2 Phase | The cell prepares for division. Cell grows even more. Produces more organelles, proteins, and membranes. | 11 | |
| 9785513404 | Prophase | Chromatin condenses. Centrioles move to opposite poles of cell. Protein fibers cross cell to form mitotic spindle. Nuclear membrane breaks down. |  | 12 |
| 9785513406 | Kinetochores | Attachments between the microtubules and sister chromatids. | 13 | |
| 9785513407 | spindle | fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis | 14 | |
| 9785513408 | Metaphase | Chromosomes align along middle of cell, ensuring chromosomes separate properly. |  | 15 |
| 9785513409 | Equatorial Plate | Plane midway between the two poles of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase. |  | 16 |
| 9785513410 | Anaphase | Sister chromatids separate at kinetochores. Poles move farther apart. |  | 17 |
| 9785513412 | Telophase | Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles. Spindle fibers disperse. Cytokinesis begins. | 18 | |
| 9785513413 | Cytokinesis in Plants | A cell plate forms between the divided nuclei that develops into cell membranes. A cell wall then forms in between the two new membranes | 19 | |
| 9785513414 | Cytokinesis in Animals | Constriction belt of actin microfilaments around equator of cell. Cleavage furrow forms. Splits cell in two, like tightening a draw string. |  | 20 |
| 9785513415 | Cleavage Furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. |  | 21 |
| 9785513416 | Cytokinesis in Plants | Cell plate forms from vesicles lining up at the equator. They proceed to fuse and form two cell membranes. A new cell wall is laid between membranes. The new cell wall fuses with the existing cell wall. |  | 22 |
| 9785513417 | Evolution of Mitosis | In, eukaryotes likely evolved from binary fission in bacteria (single circular chromosome with no membrane bound organelles). |  | 23 |
| 9785513418 | Cancer | A collection of related diseases in which cells divide uncontrollably | 24 | |
| 9785513421 | cyclin | one of a family of proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells |  | 25 |
| 9785513422 | gamete | A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |  | 26 |
| 9785513423 | zygote | A fertilized egg | 27 | |
| 9785513424 | binary fission | A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size | 28 | |
| 9785513425 | budding | Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism |  | 29 |
| 9785513426 | parthenogenesis | Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. No males involved. | 30 | |
| 9785513427 | chiasmata | The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. |  | 31 |
| 9785513428 | crossing over | Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. | 32 | |
| 9785513430 | Metastasis | The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site | 33 | |
| 9785513431 | density-dependent inhibition | crowded cells stop dividing | 34 | |
| 9785513432 | tumor-suppressor genes | a gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer | 35 | |
| 9785513433 | Proto-oncogenes | Genes that stimulate mitosis | 36 | |
| 9785513434 | totipotent | a fertilized egg or zygote; able to become all cells of an organism as well as the entire organism | 37 | |
| 9785513435 | pluripotent | embryonic stem cells; cells that are capable of developing into all the cells of an organism | 38 | |
| 9785513436 | multipotent | adult stem cells; cells that are capable of developing into a related group of cells; cells in marrow can develop into any type of blood cell | 39 | |
| 9785513437 | differentiation | The process by which a cell becomes specialized in order to perform a specific function, as in the case of a liver cell, a blood cell, or a neuron. | 40 | |
| 9785513438 | ectoderm | the outer layer of cells in a developing embryo; cells differentiate into covering cells like skin and the nervous system | 41 | |
| 9785513439 | mesoderm | middle layer of cells in a developing embryo; differentiate into muscles and bones | 42 | |
| 9785513440 | endoderm | inner layer of cells in a developing embryo; differentiate into internal organs | 43 | |
| 9785513441 | apoptosis | programmed cell death; happens in tadpole tail | 44 | |
| 9785513442 | necrosis | death of cells due to damage | 45 | |
| 9785513443 | clones | genetically identical organisms; produced by asexual reproduction | 46 | |
| 9785513444 | centromere | the spot where chromatids attach to each other | 47 | |
| 9785513445 | asexual reproduction | producing a new organism that is genetically identical to the original; ex: budding, fragmentation, vegetative | 48 | |
| 9785513446 | karyotype | a display of the homologous chromosomes from largest to smallest; shows extra or missing chromosomes | 49 | |
| 9785513447 | haploid | n; one copy of each chromosome; cell will half the normal number of chromosomes; gametes | 50 | |
| 9785513448 | diploid | 2n; two copies of each chromosome; cell with normal number of chromosomes; autosomes | 51 | |
| 9785513449 | X and Y | sex chromosomes; XX female; XY male | 52 | |
| 9785513450 | meiosis | process of reduction division; involves two divisions and reduces chromosome number in half | 53 |