AP Bio: Signal Transduction Flashcards

7655909755	signal transduction pathway	a sequence of molecular events and chemical reactions that lead to a cell's response to a signal, involves reception, transduction, and a response	0
7655909757	specificity	many cells may be exposed to a signal, only those with the correct receptors will respond to the signal.	1
7655909762	conformation change	A change in the shape of a receptor protein caused by binding of the ligand.	2
7655909765	ligand	a signal molecule that bonds to a receptor that initiates a cellular response	3
7655909766	ligand releases	results in the conclusion of a signal transmission	4
7655909767	binding of ligand to receptor is reversible	non-covalent, binding is favored but it can be undone so that stimulation does not last forever	5
7655909768	Step 1	Reception: A ligand binds to a receptor protein	6
7655909772	3 kinds of plasma membrane receptors	1.ion channel receptors 2. protein kinase receptors 3. g linked protein receptors	7
7655909773	ion channel receptors	gated ion channels are opened by a conformation change. Ex. ligand gated calcium channels	8
7655909774	protein kinase receptor	receptors change shape upon binding., creating dimers that allow phosphorylation and in turn activates relay proteins.	9
7655909775	protein kinase	catalyzes the breakdown of ATP to ADP. The addition of the removed phosphate to a protein, activates the protein ATP + Protein ---> ADP + Phosphorylated protein	10
7655909776	phosphorylation	adding/transferring a phosphate group to a molecule. Activates protein. Phosphorylated protein= active Dephosphorylated protein= inactive	11
7655909778	g protein	A receptor protein with three polypeptide subunits that can bind to 1. the receptor 2. GDP.GTP 3. An effector protein	12
7655909779	effector/ accessory protein	a protein in a g protein linked receptor signal transduction that can cause an effect in the cell	13
7655909780	amplification	One ligand binding can result in many signaling cascades within the cell.	14
7656071736	protein phosphatase	Enzyme responsible for the removal of phosphate from an active protein.	15
7656095058	Step 2	Transduction: a process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalysed by protein kinases,	16
7656120206	Step 3	Response: The final event occurring as a result of signal transduction.	17
7656127961	secondary messenger	Released by the cell in response to binding of a ligand to a receptor. Messengers initiate components of intracellular signal transduction cascades. Examples: cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium.	18
7656146549	signal cascade	A series of chemical reactions within the cell as a result of reception of an external stimulus.	19
7656185342	ATP	The source of phosphate in many signal pathways. Dephosphorylated molecule is ADP.	20
7656286292	GTP	The source of phosphate in many signal pathways. Dephosphorylated molecule is GDP.	21
7656488058	transcription	The initiation of the expression of a particular gene. Often the response of a cell to signal transduction.	22
7657677610	protein kinase	a type of protein kinase responsible for phosphorylating proteins in RTKS.	23