ap Flashcards

8410426714	Cytology	study of cells	0
8410426715	Histology	study of tissues	1
8410429312	To study anatomy, one must be able to:	observe, manipulate, palpate, auscultate	2
8410431955	Palpation	feeling organs with your hands	3
8410433885	Auscultation	listening to body sounds with stethoscope	4
8410435103	Percussion	tapping on body surfaces and listening to echoes	5
8410437308	Function always reflects structure	Principle of the Complementarity of Structure and Function	6
8410439112	1st level of organization - atom combine to form molecules, part of organelles	Chemical	7
8410442338	2nd level of organization - organelles combine	Cellular	8
8410443753	3rd level of organization - groups of similar cells combine to form	Tissue	9
8410446569	4th level of organization - at least 2 tissue types (usually 4)	Organ	10
8410448952	5th level of organization - work together to perform a common task example: heart and blood vessels of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM work together	Organ system;	11
8410453841	6th level of organization - highest level, living human being	Organismal	12
8410454814	Axial	main axis of the body - head, neck and trunk	13
8410455389	Appendicular	appendages, limbs	14
8410456133	Superior (cranial)	towards the head end or upper part of the body; above	15
8410457892	Inferior (caudal)	away from the head end or towards the lower part of the body; below	16
8410460240	Proximal	closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body	17
8410461190	Distal	farther from the origin of the body part	18
8410462512	Dorsal body cavity subdivisions	cranial (skull encloses the brain) and vertebral (encloses the spinal cord)	19
8410465523	Ventral body cavity subdivisions	thoracic (heart and lungs) and abdominopelvic (abdomen, stomach, intestines, pancreas, urinary tract, digestive viscera, reproductive organs, etc.)	20
8410473649	Diencephalon	hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus	21
8410475652	Amygdaloid body	almond shaped nucleus that sits on the tail of caudate nucleus - important for emotions - especially important for responding to threats with fear or aggression	22
8410476644	Fornix	links limbic systems together	23
8410477610	Limbic system is our __________ brain	emotional/feelings	24
8410481084	"Smell brain"	Rhinencephalon	25
8410483300	Reticular formation	central core of medulla, pons and midbrain; composed of white matter - maintains cerebral alertness, filters out repetitive stimuli	26
8410484902	RAS - reticular activating system	sends continous stream of impulses to cerebral cortex - severe injury to this system results in permanent unconsciousness (irreversible coma)	27
8410489354	Thalamus	sensory impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation - memory processing	28
8410489981	Hypothalamus	autonomic nervous system, acts as an endocrine organ, regulates hormones of the pituitary gland	29
8410491792	Midbrain	visceral and auditory reflex systems; cranial nerves III and IV	30
8410494642	Pons	relays info from cerebrum to cerebellum; controls respiratory rate and depth; cranial nerves V-VII	31
8410497997	Medulla oblongata	relays ascending sensory pathway impulses from skin and proprioceptors - controls heart rate, blood vessels, respiratory rate, vomiting, coughing - sensory info to cerebellum	32
8410502775	Sagittal plane	right and left halves	33
8410504854	Frontal plane	front and back halves	34
8410505532	Transverse	top and bottom halves	35
8410511017	Anion	accepts electron; negative charge	36
8410511018	Cation	loses electron; positive charge	37
8410512440	Ionic bond	transfer of electrons; example: NaCl	38
8410514031	Covalent bond	sharing of electrons so each atom can fill its outer electron shell at least part of the time; example methane	39
8410517864	Non-polar	electrically balanced; non reactive	40
8410517871	Polar	unequal sharing of electrons	41
8410522995	High electronegative aroms	nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine	42
8410523903	Hydrogen bond	weak bonds between hydrogen atoms that are already covalently linked to a highly electronegative atom (oxygen or nitrogen)	43
8410526208	Nutrient pool	current stock of amino acids, carbs and fats - primary effector organs or tissues: liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles	44
8410532269	2 differences between carb-fat pool and amino acid pool	1 - fats and carbs are oxidized directly to produce energy, while amino acids have to be converted to a citric acid cycle intermediate 2 - excess carb/fat can be absorbed as such, while amino acids can't be stored as proteins - have to be either oxidized for energy or converted to fat or glycogen for storage	45
8410538356	Organic molecules contain:	carbon	46
8410538357	Inorganic molecules lack:	carbon	47
8410541134	Carbs	provide most energy we need, have 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen	48
8410541558	Fats/Lipids	contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen like carbs but DO NOT have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen (greater ratio) have fewer polar covalent bonds and are hydrophobic	49
8410546401	Most common lipid	triglyceride composed of one glycerol and 3 fatty acids - protection, insulation and energy	50