APES Flashcards

8304652934	core	earths center - iron/nickel	0
8304660558	crust	top of earth - igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rock	1
8304664981	mantle	mostly-solid bulk of Earth's interior. The mantle lies between Earth's dense, super-heated core and its thin outer layer, the crust	2
8304677665	magma	Molten rock usually located deep within the mantle of the Earth that occasionally comes to the surface through cracks in the mantle or through the eruption of volcanoes	3
8304682857	asthenosphere	the highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductilely deforming region of the upper mantle of the Earth	4
8304692807	lithosphere	includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth. The lithosphere is subdivided into tectonic plates.	5
8304700589	hot spot	volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle	6
8304714563	plate tectonics	the lithosphere of the earth is divided into a small number of plates which float on and travel independently over the mantle and much of the earth's seismic activity occurs at the boundaries of these plates	7
8304717118	subduction	plates push against each other and one bends down and goes under other plate	8
8304727076	volcano	a rupture in the Earth's crust where molten lava, hot ash, and gases from below the Earth's crust escape into the air	9
8304729903	divergent plate boundary	plates move apart	10
8304734651	seafloor spreading	sea floor spreads	11
8304738825	convergent plate boundaries	plates move towards each other	12
8304743239	transform plate boundary	plates move side to side	13
8304749738	fault	a crack in the Earth's crust	14
8304758737	seismic activity	a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust or upper mantle, usually caused by movement along a fault plane or by volcanic activity and resulting in the generation of seismic waves which can be destructive	15
8306678300	fault zone	region, from metres to kilometres in width, which is bounded by major faults within which subordinate faults may be arranged variably or systematically	16
8306686634	earthquake	sudden movement of the Earth's lithosphere	17
8306690650	epicenter	The point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the focus (the point of origin) of an earthquake	18
8306695903	rock cycle	igneous>sedimentary>metamorphic	19
8306700306	igneous	rock formed by magma stage 1	20
8306708238	intrusive igneous rock	magma hardens within earths surface, forming w other rocks	21
8306724268	extrusive igneous rock	hot magma inside earth overflows onto surface or explodes	22
8306732978	richter scale	a numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of seismograph oscillations	23
8306738304	fracture	any separation in a geologic formation, such as a joint or a fault that divides the rock into two or more pieces	24
8306745026	sedimentary rock	formed through the deposition and solidification of sediment, especially sediment transported by water (rivers, lakes, and oceans), ice ( glaciers ), and wind	25
8306754739	metamorphic	Rock that was once one form of rock but has changed to another under the influence of heat, pressure, or some other agent without passing through a liquid phase	26
8306761645	physical weathering	rocks, soil and minerals being slowly broken down or broken apart by the Earth's environment such as pressure, temperature, water and ice	27
8306767072	chemical weathering	the erosion or disintegration of rocks caused by chemical reactions (chiefly with water and substances dissolved in it) rather than by physical processes	28
8306786812	acid precipitation	Any form of precipitation, including rain, snow, hail, fog, or dew, that is high in acid pollutants, especially sulfuric and nitric acid	29
8306789078	acid rain	rain with a pH less than 5.7	30
8306794203	erosion	Erosion is the process by which soil and rock particles are worn away and moved elsewhere by gravity, or by a moving transport agent - wind, water or ice	31
8306803043	parent material	Parent material is the underlying geological material (generally bedrock or a superficial or drift deposit) in which soil horizons form	32
8306808767	soil degradation	the decline in soil condition caused by its improper use or poor management, usually for agricultural, industrial or urban purposes	33
8306830113	horizon	a bedding surface where there is marked change in the lithology within a sequence of sedimentary or volcanic rocks, or a distinctive layer or thin bed with a characteristic lithology or fossil content within a sequence	34
8306833195	horizon E	a mineral horizon in the upper part of the soil. Typically present only in forested areas it underlies an O or A horizon	35
8306853857	o horizon	the layer of loose leaves and organic debris at the surface of soil	36
8306859505	a horizon	the topsoil in a soil profile	37
8306864944	horizon b	the subsoil in a soil profile	38
8306870447	horizon c	the layer in a soil profile below the B horizon and immediately above the bedrock, consisting chiefly of weathered, partially decomposed rock	39
8306872135	topsoil	soil on top	40
8306877143	cation exchange capacity	the total capacity of a soil to hold exchangeable cations	41
8306890557	base saturation	the percentage of the soil. exchange sites (CEC) occupied by basic cations, such as. potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sodium. (Na)	42
8306899492	crustal abundance	abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million (ppm) by mass	43
8306907446	ore	a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted	44
8306919910	metal	a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	45
8306923293	reserve	subgroup of a resource that have been discovered, have a known size, and can be extracted at a profit	46
8306934306	strip mining	mining parallel to earth surface, layer by layer	47
8306939139	mining spoils	material that lies above an area that lends itself to economical exploitation, such as the rock, soil, and ecosystem that lies above a coal seam or ore body	48
8306948954	tailings	the waterborne refuse material is pumped into a pond to allow the sedimentation (meaning separation) of solids from the water	49
8306957600	open pit mining	method of extraction used where the overburden is limited and easily stripped, but where waste has to be transported to external dumps	50
8306965805	mountain top removal	mining by exploding mountain top	51
8306970032	placer mining	mining for sediment by river	52
8306974764	subsurface mining	the extraction of minerals and ores from underground. It consist of digging shafts into the earth for ore	53
8306980940	impermeable surface	the groundwater is bounded between layers of impermeable substances like clay or dense rock. When tapped by a well, water in confined aquifers is forced up, sometimes above the land surface	54
8306988500	aquifer	An underground layer of permeable rock, sediment (usually sand or gravel), or soil that yields water	55
8307000370	unconfined aquifer	upper surface (water table) is open to the atmosphere through permeable material	56
8307000371	confined	underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using a water well	57
8307011992	water table	the planar, underground surface beneath which earth materials, as soil or rock, are saturated with water	58
8307020102	groundwater recharge	hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater	59
8307027672	spring	natural upwelling of water from below earths surface to surface	60
8307030575	artesian well	deep well that passes through impermeable rock or sediment and reaches water that is held under pressure in a confined aquifer	61
8307037662	cone of depression	region, shaped like an inverted cone, in which the water table is drawn down, or depressed, in the vicinity of a borehole from which groundwater is being abstracted by pumping	62
8307046282	saltwater intrusion	movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers, which can lead to contamination of drinking water sources and other consequences	63
8307050695	floodplain	when a river overflows, land is wet	64
8307059697	levee	border against river	65
8307061870	dike	border against ocean	66
8307064524	dam	barrier to obstruct the flow of water, especially one of earth, masonry, etc., built across a stream or river	67
8307071570	reservoir	water held back by dam	68
8307075196	fish ladder	ladder so fish can go up dam	69
8307077876	aqueduct	transports water form one place to another	70
8307081470	desalination	removing salt from water	71
8307084949	distillation	removing salt with heat energy - evaporate leaving slat behind	72
8307093277	reverse osmosis	forcing saline or impure water through a semipermeable membrane across which salts or impurities cannot pass	73
8307096066	water footprint	how much water you've used	74
8307103315	hydroponic agriculture	method of growing plants without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent	75
8307111705	gray water	wastewater that is generated in household or office building sources without fecal contamination	76
8307120736	contaminated water	water pollution	77