Apes Flashcards

7232189985	Conservation	allowing the use of resources in a responsible manner	0
7232189986	Preservation	setting aside areas and protecting them from human activities	1
7232189987	Keystone species:	species whose role in an ecosystem are more important than others ( sea otters, sea stars, grizzly bears, prairie dogs)	2
7232189988	Indicator species	species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged ex. trout	3
7232189989	Characteristics of endangered species:	small range, large territory, or live on an island	4
7232189990	Endangered species	a group of organisms in danger of becoming extinct if the situation is not improved; population numbers have dropped below the critical number of organisms; North spotted Owl (loss of old growth forest), Bald Eagle (thinning of eggs caused by DDT), Piping Plover (nesting areas threatened by development), and many others Invasive	5
7232189991	Invasive, Alien, Exotic species	non-native species to an area; often thrive and disrupt the ecosystem balance; examples: kudzu vine, purple loosestrife, African honeybee "killer bee", water hyacinth, fire ant, zebra mussel, gypsy moth, Asian Long Horned Beetle	6
7232189992	Parts of the hydrologic cycle	evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, infiltration	7
7232189993	Nitrogen fixing	because atmospheric N2 cannot be used directly by plants it must first be converted into ammonia (NH3) by bacteria (rhizobium or cyanobacteria)	8
7232189994	Ammonification	nitrogen is converted into ammonia by ammonifying bacteria; may occur when nitrogen in organic wastes in the soil are converted to ammonia or when atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted to NH3	9
7232189995	Nitrification	ammonia (NH3) is converted to nitrate ions (NO3)	10
7232189996	Assimilation	inorganic N2 is converted into organic molecules such as DNA-amino acids & proteins - plants assimilate nitrogen as NH4+ or NO3- through their roots; animals (herbivores) assimilate organic nitrogen compounds by eating plants	11
7232189997	Denitrification	bacteria convert nitrate (NO3) - and nitrite (NO2) - back into N2 gas; bacteria convert ammonia (NH3) back into N2 or N2O - typically accomplished by anaerobic bacteria	12
7232189998	Phosphorus does not circulate as easily as nitrogen because	it does not exist as a gas, but is released by weathering of phosphate (PO4) 3- rocks; this is a SEDIMENTARY cycle - it is never found as a gas	13
7232189999	How excess phosphorus is added to aquatic ecosystems	runoff of animal wastes, fertilizer, discharge of sewage; limiting factor in freshwater ecosystems; excess P leads to eutrophication	14
7232190000	Photosynthesis	plants convert atmospheric carbon (CO2) into complex carbohydrates (glucose C6H12O6); energy is consumed and oxygen is released as a waste product	15
7232190001	Aerobic respiration	O2-consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2; energy is released and oxygen is consumed in the process	16
7232190002	Anaerobic Respiration	break down of carbohydrates without oxygen - products are methane (CH4), alcohols and other organics	17
7232190003	Transpiration	process where water is absorbed by plant roots, moves up through plants, passes through pores (stomata) in leaves or other parts, evaporates into atm. as water vapor Largest reservoirs of C- carbonate (CO3) 2- rocks first, oceans second	18
7232190004	Largest reservoirs of C	- carbonate (CO3)2- rocks first, oceans second	19
7232190005	Sustainability	the ability to meet the current needs of humanity without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs	20
7232190006	The Tragedy of the Commons	(1968 paper by ecologist Garret Hardin) "Freedom to breed" is bringing ruin to all. Global commons such as atmosphere & oceans are used by all and owned by none. When no individual has ownership, no one takes responsibility. Examples- overfishing in the oceans, over pumping of the Ogallala Aquifer	21
7232190007	Natural selection	organisms that possess favorable adaptations survive and pass them onto the next generation	22
7232190008	Energy flow in food webs or chains, through trophic systems:	only 10% of the usable energy is transferred because usable energy lost as heat (second law); not all biomass is digested and absorbed; predators expend energy to catch prey; the 10% value is an average value	23
7232190009	Biotic and abiotic	living and nonliving components of an ecosystem	24
7232190010	Competition	a type of population interaction, usually over a limited resource - may be intraspecific or interspecific	25
7232190011	Producer/Autotroph	photosynthetic or chemosynthetic life; Chemotroph - organism undergoing chemosynthesis - usually carried out by sulfur bacteria in aphotic zones in the ocean (deep ocean vents, etc.)	26
7232190012	Primary succession	development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life or those in which the soil profile is totally destroyed (lava flows); no soil substrate present; begins with lichen action	27
7232190013	Secondary succession	life progresses where soil remains (clear-cut forest, fire, disturbed areas)	28
7232190014	Mutualism	symbiotic relationship where both partners benefit and both participate	29
7232190015	Commensalism	symbiotic relationship where one partner benefits & the other is unaffected or may benefit	30
7232190016	Parasitism	relationship in which one partner obtains nutrients at the expense of the host	31
7232190017	Biome	large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animals; terrestrial biomes determining factors are temperature and precipitation	32
7232190018	Carrying capacity	the number of individuals (size of the population) that can be sustained in an area (supported by available resources in the environment)	33
7232190019	R strategist	reproduce early in life; many small unprotected offspring; tend to be generalists, short lifespan	34
7232190020	K strategist	reproduce late in life; few offspring; care for offspring; tend to be specialists, longer lifespan	35
7232190021	Positive feedback	when a change in some condition triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition (warmer Earth - snow melts - less sunlight is reflected & more is absorbed, therefore warmer Earth)	36
7232190022	Negative feedback	when a changing in some condition triggers a response that counteracts the changed condition (warmer Earth - more ocean evaporation - more stratus clouds - less sunlight reaches the ground - therefore cooler Earth)	37
7232190023	Malthus said	human population increases exponentially, while food supplies increase arithmetically; factors that keep the population in check include war, famine & disease	38
7232190024	Doubling time	rule of 70; 70 divided by the percent growth rate	39
7232190025	Replacement level fertility	the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing); biotic potential; total fertility rate (TFR)	40
7232190026	World Population	~ 6.8 billion U.S. Population: ~ 310 million	41
7232190027	Preindustrial stage	(demographic transition) birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high	42
7232190028	Transitional stage	(demographic transition) death rate lower, better health care, population grows fast	43
7232190029	Industrial stage	(demographic transition) decline in birth rate, population growth slows	44
7232190030	Postindustrial stage	(demographic transition) low birth & death rates	45
7232190031	Age structure diagrams	broad base = rapid growth; narrow base = negative growth; uniform shape = zero growth; Major Age Cohorts pre-reproductives, reproductives, post-reproductives	46
7232190032	First and second most populated countries	China and India	47
7232190033	Most important thing affecting population growth	low status of women	48
7232190034	Ways to decrease birth rate	family planning, contraception, economic rewards and penalties	49
7232190035	True cost or External costs	harmful environmental side effects that are not reflected in a product's price	50
7232190036	Cogeneration	using waste heat to make electricity	51
7232190037	Electricity generated by fossil fuels, biomass or nuclear power	heat is produced which creates steam steam turns a turbine the mechanical energy from the turbine is converted to electrical energy in a generator and that energy is transmitted to homes through power lines	52
7232190038	Hydroelectric power	potential energy of stored water is used to turn a turbine the mechanical energy from the turbine is converted to electrical energy in a generator and that energy is transmitted to homes through power lines	53
7232190039	Thermal gradient	spontaneous flow of heat from warmer to cooler bodies	54
7232190040	Ionizing radiation	enough energy to dislodge electrons from atoms, forming ions; capable of causing cancer (gamma, X- rays, UV)	55
7232190041	High Quality Energy	organized & concentrated; can perform useful work (fossil fuel & nuclear)	56
7232190042	Low Quality Energy	disorganized, dispersed (heat in ocean or air wind, solar)	57
7232190043	First Law of Thermodynamics	energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another (Law of Conservation of Energy)	58
7232190044	Second Law of Thermodynamics	when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy, usually heat	59
7232190045	Best solutions to energy shortage	conservation, increase efficiency, explore alternative energy options	60
7232190046	Alternate energy sources	wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells	61
7232190047	Natural radioactive decay	unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha particles, and beta particles	62
7232190048	Half-life	the time it takes for 1⁄2 the mass of a radioisotope to decay	63
7232190049	Estimate of how long a radioactive isotope must be stored until it decays to a safe level	approximately 10 half-lives	64
7232190050	Nuclear Fission	nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons	65
7232190051	Nuclear Fusion	two isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus (He). Process is expensive; break-even point not reached yet; D + D He or D + T He	66
7232190052	Mass deficit	not all matter is converted into matter in a fusion reaction - some (the mass deficit) is converted into energy. E = mc2 . Explains the energy released in a fusion reaction.	67
7232190053	Major parts of a nuclear reactor	core, control rods, steam generator, turbine, containment building	68
7232190054	Two most serious nuclear accidents	Chernobyl, Ukraine (1986) and Three Mile Island, PA (1979)	69
7232190055	Petroleum formation	microscopic aquatic organisms in sediments converted by heat and pressure into a mixture of hydrocarbons (animal remains)	70
7232190056	Pros of petroleum	relatively cheap, easily transported, high-quality energy	71
7232190057	Cons of petroleum	reserves will be depleted soon; pollution during drilling, transport and refining; burning makes CO2	72
7232190058	Steps in coal formation	peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite	73
7232190059	Major insecticide groups (and examples)	chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT); organophosphates (malathion); carbamates (aldicarb)	74
7232190060	Pesticide pros	saves lives from insect-transmitted disease, increases food supply, increases profits for farmers	75
7232190061	Pesticide cons	genetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, biological magnification	76
7232190062	Natural pest control	better agricultural practices, genetically resistant plants, natural enemies, biopesticides, sex attractants	77
7232190063	In natural ecosystems, methods which control 50-90% of pests	predators, diseases, parasites	78
7232190064	Particulate matter	Source- burning fossil fuels and diesel exhaust Effect- reduces visibility & respiratory irritation Reduction- filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy)	79
7232190065	Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)	Source- ~50% from transportation (exhaust), ~50% from industry Effects- acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to photochemical smog & ozone formation Equation for acid formation- NO + O2 NO2 + H2O HNO3 Reduction- selective catalytic reduction unit, more efficient combustion processes like FBC (fluidized bed combustion), lower combustion temperatures, find alternatives to fossil fuels	80
7232190066	Sulfur oxides (SOx)	Source- coal burning Effects- acid deposition, respiratory irritation, damages plants Equation for acid formation- SO2 + O2 = SO3 + H2O = H2SO4 Reduction- scrubbers, burn low sulfur fuel)	81
7232190067	Carbon oxides (CO and CO2)	Source- auto exhaust, incomplete combustion Effects- CO binds to hemoglobin, reducing blood's ability to carry O2; CO2 contributes to global warming Reduction- catalytic converter, emissions testing, oxygenated fuel, mass transit, increase efficiencies, find alternatives to fossil fuels	82
7232190068	Ozone (O3)	Formation- secondary pollutant, NO2 + uv NO + O* O* + O2 O3, with VOCs (volatile organic compounds) Effects- respiratory irritant, plant damage Reduction- reduce NO and VOC emissions Tropospheric ozone is BAD, stratospheric ozone is GOOD	83
7232190069	Radon (Rn)	naturally occurring colorless, odorless, radioactive gas, found in some types of soil and rock, can seep into homes and buildings, formed from the decay of uranium (U), causes cancer and is a problem in the Reading Prong area of PA. Radon decays to Polonium (Po), which is a solid. Po particles sit in lung tissue and are alpha (α) emitters. This leads to lung cancer.	84
7232190070	Photochemical smog	formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight (NO, VOC, O*); associated with automobile traffic	85
7232190071	Acid deposition	caused by sulfuric and nitric acids (H2SO4, HNO3), resulting in lowered pH of surface waters, soil acidification and destruction of building materials	86
7232190072	Greenhouse gases	Examples: H2O, CO2, O3, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane (CH4). Effect: they trap outgoing infrared (IR, heat) energy, causing Earth to warm	87
7232190073	Effects of global warming	rising sea level (thermal expansion), extreme weather, drought, famine, extinctions	88
7232190074	Stratospheric ozone depletion	caused by ozone-depleting chemicals (ODCs) such as CFCs, methyl chloroform or trichloromethane (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), halon (haloalkanes), methyl bromide (CH3Br)— all of which attack stratospheric ozone. The Cl or Br atoms "attack" the ozone molecules and cause the thinning of this layer. Global Agreement to decrease ODC - Montreal Protocol (1987)	89
7232190075	Effects of ozone depletion	increased UV light that results in skin cancer, cataracts, decreased plant growth (inhibits photosynthesis, decline in Antarctic and Arctic phytoplankton population), impaired immune systems	90
7232190076	Primary air pollutants	produced by humans & nature (CO,CO2,SOx,NOx, hydrocarbons, particulates)	91
7232190077	Secondary Air Pollutants	produced as a result of reactions that primary air pollutants undergo (include photochemical pollutants O3, PAN and NO2, and acids such as H2SO4 and HNO3)	92
7232190078	Sources of mercury	burning coal (25% of atmospheric deposition), compact fluorescent bulbs	93
7232190079	Major source of sulfur	coal -burning power plants	94
7232190080	Point vs. non point sources	Point, from specific location such as a pipe. Non-point, from over an area such as runoff	95
7232190081	Chlorine	good= disinfection of water; bad = forms trihalomethanes when organics are present in the water; many systems now use chloramines to treat waste water before it is discharged. Alternatives to chlorine disinfection - ozone or UV light	96
7232190082	Fecal coliform or Enterococcus bacteria	indicator of sewage contamination ; found in the intestines of all warm blooded mammals (coliform bacteria)	97
7232190083	BOD	biological oxygen demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials in water	98
7232190084	Eutrophication	may result in rapid algal growth caused by an excess of nitrates (NO3) - and phosphates (PO4)3- in water	99
7232190085	Hypoxia	when aquatic plants die, the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO (dissolved O2) drops & the water cannot support life; very low DO levels; dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico	100
7232190086	Anoxic	no DO (dissolved O2) in the water	101
7232190087	Surface mining	cheaper and can remove more minerals; less hazardous to workers	102
7232190088	Ore	a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine	103
7232190089	Humus	organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms	104
7232190090	Leaching	removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards	105
7232190091	Illuviation	deposit of leached material in lower soil layers (B horizon)	106
7232190092	Loam	perfect agricultural soil with optimal portions of sand, silt, clay (40%, 40%, 20%)	107
7232190093	Soil Profile, horizons in order	O - A - E - B - C -R	108
7232190094	Organic fertilizer	slow-acting & long-lasting because the organic remains need time to be decomposed	109
7232190095	Salinization of soil	in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind	110
7232190096	Volcano and Earthquake occurrence	at plate boundaries (divergent= spreading, mid-ocean ridges) (convergent= trenches) (transform= sliding, San Andreas)	111
7232190097	Monoculture	cultivation of a single crop, usually in a large area	112
7232190098	Food	wheat, rice and corn provide more than 1⁄2 of the calories in the food consumed by the world's people	113
7232190099	LD50 (LD-50, LD50)	the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test population within 14 days of the initial dose	114
7232190100	Threshold dose	the maximum dose that has no measurable effect on a given population Percent water on earth by type: 97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater	115
7232190101	Aquifer	any water-bearing layer in the ground; confined or artesian, unconfined or water table	116
7232190102	Subsidence	land sinks as result of over pumping an aquifer	117
7232190103	Cone of depression	lowering of the water table around a pumping well	118
7232190104	Salt water intrusion	near the coast, over-pumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer	119
7232190105	Ways to conserve water	agriculture = drip	120
7232190106	trickle irrigation; industry = recycling; home = use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures. reclaimed water for agriculture and golf courses		121
7232190107	Hazardous Waste (as defined by RCRA)	Mutagen, Teratogen, Carcinogen: (in order) causes hereditary changes through mutations; causes fetus deformities; causes cancer	122
7232190108	Minamata Bay disease	(1932-1968, Japan) physical and mental impairments caused by methylmercury (CH3Hg)+ poisoning	123
7232190109	Love Canal, NY	(1950s +) chemicals buried in old canal; school and homes built over it; caused birth defects and cancer	124
7232190110	Main component of municipal solid waste (MSW)	paper; most is landfilled	125
7232190111	Sanitary landfill problems and solutions	problem = leachate; solution = liner with collection system problem = methane gas; solution = collect gas and burn problem = volume of garbage; solution = compact and reduce	126
7232190112	Incineration advantages	volume of waste reduced by 90%, and waste heat can be used	127
7232190113	Incineration disadvantages	toxic emissions (polyvinyl chloride, dioxins), scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators needed, ash disposal (contains heavy metals)	128
7232190114	Best way to solve waste problem	reduce the amounts of waste at the source (source reduction)	129
7232190115	ENSO	El Niño Southern Oscillation, see-sawing of air pressure over the S. Pacific	130
7232190116	During an El Niño year	trade winds weaken & warm water sloshed back to SA	131
7232190117	During a non El Niño year	easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the west coast of South America	132
7232190118	Effects of El Niño	upwelling decreases disrupting food chains; N U.S. has mild winters, SW U.S. has increased rainfall, less Atlantic hurricanes	133
7232190119	Temperature Inversion	layer of dense, cool air trapped under a layer of warm dense air, pollution in trapped layer may build to harmful levels; frequent in Los Angeles, California and Mexico City, Mexico	134
7232190120	Forest Fires	Types - Surface, Crown, Ground (in order) usually burn only under growth and leaf litter on forest floor; hot fires, may start on ground but eventually leap from treetop to treetop; go underground, may smolder for days or weeks, difficult to detect and extinguish, i.e. peat bogs.	135
7232190121	Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act	(1977) requires coal strip mines to reclaim the land Madrid Protocol- (1991) Suspension of mineral exploration (mining) for 50 years in Antarctica	136
7232190122	Madrid Protocol	(1991) Moratorium on mineral exploration for 50 years in Antarctica	137
7232190123	Safe Drinking Water Act	(SDWA, 1974) set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants in drinking water that may have adverse effects on human health	138
7232190124	Clean Water Act	(CWA, 1972) set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable	139
7232190125	Ocean Dumping Ban Act	(1988) bans ocean dumping of sewage sludge and industrial waste in the ocean	140
7232190126	Clean Air Act	(CAA, 1970) set emission standards for cars and limits for release of air pollutants	141
7232190127	Kyoto Protocol	(2005) controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries	142
7232190128	Montreal Protocol	(1987) phase-out of ozone depleting substances	143
7232190129	Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (RCRA)	(1976) controls hazardous waste with a cradle-to-grave system Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act (CERCLA)- (1980) "Superfund," designed to identify and clean up abandoned hazardous waste dump sites	144
7232190130	Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act (CERCLA)	(1980) "Superfund," designed to identify and clean up abandoned hazardous waste dump sites	145
7232190131	Nuclear Waste Policy Act	(1982) U.S. government must develop a high level nuclear waste site (Yucca Mtn)	146
7232190132	Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA, 1996)	set pesticide limits in food, & all active and inactive ingredients must be screened for estrogenic endocrine effects	147
7232190133	Endangered Species Act	(1973) identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations	148
7232190134	Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)	(1973) lists species that cannot be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products	149
7232190135	Magnuson-Stevens Act	(1976) Management of marine fisheries	150
7232190136	Healthy Forest Initiative	(HFI, Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003) thin overstocked stands, clear away vegetation and trees to create shaded fuel breaks, provide funding and guidance to reduce or eliminate hazardous fuels in national forests, improve forest fire fighting, and research new methods to halt destructive insects	151
7232190137	National Environmental Policy Act	(1969) Environmental Impact Statements must be done before any project affecting federal lands can be started	152
7232190138	Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants	(2004) Seeks to protect human health from the 12 most toxic chemicals (includes 8 chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides or DDT can be used for malaria control)	153