AP Psychology Semester exam Flashcards
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| 8360047100 | Fight or flight response | A psychological reaction when you are exposed to harm, attack, or threat of survival | 0 | |
| 8360514633 | Afferent Neurons | Arrive to the brain/spinal cord; connections that bring neurons into the nervous system; they carry impulses from sensory stimuli towards the central nervous system. From the body to the brain -- touch, smell, taste, sound | 1 | |
| 8361618184 | Nature vs nurture | the long standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors | 2 | |
| 8361618185 | Obedience - what factors make it more likely? | Figures of authority, rewards and punishments, social "pressure" | 3 | |
| 8361666038 | Recessive vs dominant genes (alleles) | Pair of genes that are part of the DNA. dominant shows. Recessive doesn't unless it's homozygous | 4 | |
| 8361698921 | Punnett squares | A way to predict the outcomes of genes in offspring |  | 5 |
| 8361705040 | Operational definitions | The process or procedure of an experiment | 6 | |
| 8361713633 | Independent variable | The variable controlled or changed in an experiment | 7 | |
| 8361719158 | Dependent variable | The responding variable (what you measure) | 8 | |
| 8361725426 | Fundamental attribution error | Our tendency to explain someone's behavior based on internal factors | 9 | |
| 8361742564 | Reflexes | An involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus | 10 | |
| 8361770730 | Mode | most common value | 11 | |
| 8361814448 | Median | Middle value | 12 | |
| 8361814601 | Mean | The average of all the values | 13 | |
| 8361827210 | Cognitive psychology | The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | 14 | |
| 8361833039 | Developmental psychology | The study of how and why human beings change over time | 15 | |
| 8361838447 | Social psychology | the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others | 16 | |
| 8361847362 | Deindividuation | The loss of self-awareness in groups | 17 | |
| 8361858659 | Groupthink | The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives Ex. If you're tired it's better to settle than discuss | 18 | |
| 8361865208 | Group polarization | Individual opinions become more extreme if group opinion is the same | 19 | |
| 8361868571 | Frustration-aggression hypothesis | Frustration often leads to aggressive behavior | 20 | |
| 8361874360 | Gate control theory of pain | Non-painful input closes the "gates" to painful input which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system | 21 | |
| 8361879957 | Split-brain patients | Patients whose corpus callosum has been severed therefore the hemispheres don't connect | 22 | |
| 8361887310 | The Limbic system | A collection of brain structures located in the middle of the brain. Composed of the amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus. Responsible for motivation, emotion, learning and memory | 23 | |
| 8362183213 | Efferent neurons | Exit your brain and enter your body; carry information from the central nervous system to organs and muscles. ex. tell the body to do something, such as move muscles. | 24 | |
| 8362281008 | Interneurons | A nueron which transmits impulses between other neurons, especially as part of a reflex arc | 25 | |
| 8362300623 | Neurotransmitter GABA | main inhibitory transmitter. It calms nerves, regulates the sleep cycle and improves focus | 26 | |
| 8362310429 | Neurotransmitter Acetylcholin | excitatory transmitter. muscle movement, memory, attention, learning, and emotion. | 27 | |
| 8362328459 | Neurotransmitter Glutamate | excitatory transmitter. main learning, long-term memory. | 28 | |
| 8362335648 | Neurotransmitter Endorphin | inhibitory transmitter. pain control, stress reduction, positive emotions. released during exercise and sex. | 29 | |
| 8362343945 | Neurotransmitter Dopamine | inhibitory transmitter. feel pleasure, involuntary muscle movement, learning, and emotion | 30 | |
| 8362352979 | Neurotransmitter Serotonin | inhibitory. sleep cycle, appetite, aggression, and impulsivity | 31 | |
| 8362385795 | Neurotransmitter Norepinephrine | excitatory transmitter. learning, emotions, memory, increase concentration | 32 | |
| 8362392165 | Methods of persuasion | Foot in the door: when ask for something small and then ask for more. Door in the face: when you ark for something big (you know you won't get) and then lower what you ask for. | 33 | |
| 8362411998 | Occipital lobe | responsible for processing visual information from the eyes. damage: vision problems | 34 | |
| 8362427792 | Temporal lobe | auditory, receives information from ears,. damage: trouble hearing. | 35 | |
| 8362427793 | Frontal lobe | involved with speaking and muscle movements and making plans and judgment. damage: change in mood. | 36 | |
| 8362427794 | Parietal lobe | receives sensory input for touch and body position. damage: difficulty writing, understanding language | 37 | |
| 8362428163 | Wernicke's area | links words to sound, understands language. damage: trouble making up sentences. no language understandment | 38 | |
| 8362433839 | Broca's area | before you speak, it plans how to pronounce everything. damage: unable to speak | 39 | |
| 8362537082 | Auditory Corteex | It dispenses sound and is responsible for the ability to hear. Damage: Complete loss of hearing | 40 | |
| 8362537083 | Visual Cortex | Receptor of visual input from the retina, and perception of movement and color Damage: Difficulty identifying colors, visual illusions and hallucinations, loss of visual memory, visual problems. | 41 | |
| 8362550251 | Motor cortex | neural impulses, voluntary movements. damage: affects simple movements | 42 | |
| 8362556772 | Sensory cortex | involved in the sensory of information of the body. understanding of a concept, body positions, damage: difficulty writing, reading, and mathematics. | 43 | |
| 8362564482 | Amygdala | linked with emotion. damage: affects memory formation, emotion sensitivity, learning, and mood. | 44 | |
| 8362569018 | Hippocampus | long term memory | 45 | |
| 8362582622 | Cerebellum | processing sensory input coordination, movement, and balance. damage: trouble breathing, death, and paralysis. | 46 | |
| 8362599557 | Reticular formation | a nerve network that travels through the brain stem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal. damage: can end up in a comma you never wake up from. | 47 | |
| 8362599558 | Medulla | the base of the brain stem, controls heartbeat and breathing. damage: lungs won't be able to inhale and there will be heart problems. | 48 | |
| 8362635006 | Pons | connects upper and lower parts of the brain. serves as communication between two hemispheres. damage: no hemisphere communication. | 49 | |
| 8362635007 | Corpus callosum | connects the two hemispheres of the brain. damage: hemispheres won't be able to communicate | 50 | |
| 8362635008 | Cerebral cortex | the body's ultimate control and information and processing center. damage: trouble breathing, death, or paralysis. | 51 | |
| 8362634982 | Pons | connects upper and lower parts of the brain. serves as communication between two hemispheres. damage: no hemisphere communication. | 52 | |
| 8362634983 | Corpus callosum | connects the two hemispheres of the brain. damage: hemispheres won't be able to communicate | 53 | |
| 8362634984 | Cerebral cortex | 54 | ||
| 8362610406 | Pons | connects upper and lower parts of the brain. serves as communication between two hemispheres. damage: no hemisphere communication. | 55 | |
| 8362427320 | Temporal lobe | auditory, receives information from ears,. damage: trouble hearing. | 56 | |
| 8361539844 | Cognitive dissonance | La Piere- The tension caused by the fact that actions don't match your beliefs | 57 | |
| 8364776955 | The endocrine system | The endocrine system helps with growth, repair, sexual reproduction, digestion, and homeostasis. Hormones are like "keys" that only act on a certain part of the body if they fit | 58 | |
| 8364792208 | Glands | Hypothalamus: Connects the endocrine system with the nervous system Pituitary: Master gland Thyroid Parathyroid Pineal Adrenal Pancreas Testes Ovaries | 59 | |
| 8364801432 | Empirical vs normative | Normative statements contain subjective or value-related judgements, while empirical statements are factual/objective. | 60 | |
| 8364805760 | Positive correlation | Move in the same direction; ex. the less you sleep, the lower your grades; ex. the more unhealthy food you eat, the more weight you will gain | 61 | |
| 8364810656 | Negative correlation | Move in the opposite direction; ex. the more drugs you use the lower your grades | 62 | |
| 8364815670 | Parts of the neuron and their functions | Axon: A fiber that extends from the cell body to the terminal endings; it transmits neural signals along the neuron Terminal branches: Send the signal onto other neurons; located at the end of neuron Synaptic vesicles: Store the neurotransmitters that are released during synapse Synaptic gap: The space between two neurons through which they transmit information with the use of neurotransmitters Myelin sheath: Acts as an insulator that allows for the travelling of information to other neurons Cell body/soma: Serves to maintain the cell and keep the neuron functional; supports and maintains the total function of the neuron | 63 | |
| 8364828047 | Action potential | Electrical impulses travel, causing a brief change in the electrical charge called depolarization (when negatively charged ions rush out as positive ions rush in) | 64 | |
| 8364833365 | Resting potential | When the inside of the neuron is relatively negative as opposed to the outside, in which the neuron is not stimulated or involved in any passage of an impulse | 65 | |
| 8364839228 | Refractory period | A period after electrical stimulation in which the neuron is unable to perform an action potential | 66 | |
| 8364846419 | Reuptake | When, after synapse, neurotransmitters diffuse back into the synaptic vesicles, are recycled, or drift away. | 67 | |
| 8364850159 | Left Hemisphere | Language functions → Speaking, reading, writing and understanding language Analytical → Figuring things out step-by-step Logic Math and science → Numbers, awareness of time, symbols, facts and linear reasoning Controls right side of the body and right visual field | 68 | |
| 8364858797 | Right Hemisphere | Non-verbal activities → Music, art, perceptual and spatial skills, expression of emotions, recognitions of faces, patterns and melodies Synthetic → Figures things out by combining to form wholes Intuition/hunches Creativity Controls left side of the body and left visual field | 69 | |
| 8364863899 | Nervous system - it's divisions and functions | 70 | ||
| 8364956234 | Interneurons | Inside of brain and spinal cord; the messaging center that computes everything → Translates messages from afferent neurons and sends them to the efferent neurons. | 71 | |
| 8364988105 | Somatic Nervous System | The part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles | 72 | |
| 8364994161 | Autonomic Nervous System | A part of the nervous system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal | 73 | |
| 8365008489 | Sympathetic Nervous System | One of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, responsible for flight or fight response and homeostasis | 74 | |
| 8365017604 | Parasympathetic Nervous System | One of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the stimulation of the unconscious actions when the body is at rest such as digestion and salivation amongst others | 75 |