AP Flashcards

7911344351	Plessy v. Ferguson	1896 ruling that separate but equal facilities for different races were not unconstitutional.	0
7911344352	Brown v. Board of Education	1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education.	1
7911344353	de jure discrimination	Discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, ethnicity, and the like that results from a law.	2
7911344354	de facto discrimination	discrimination that is the result not of law but rather of tradition and habit	3
7911344355	Busing	achieving racial balance by transporting students to schools across neighborhood boundaries	4
7911344356	Affirmative Action	A policy designed to give special compensation to a previously disadvantaged group.	5
7911344357	Emancipation Proclamation	Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.	6
7911344358	Black Codes	Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves	7
7911344359	Jim Crow Laws	Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites	8
7911344360	13th Amendment	Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War (1865-70)	9
7911344361	14th Amendment	Rights of Citizens	10
7911344362	15th Amendment	Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote b/c of race, color , or precious condition of servitude	11
7911344363	Equal Rights Amendment	a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution outlawing discrimination based on sex	12
7911344364	glass ceiling	the mostly invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work	13
7911344365	litigation	legal proceedings	14
7911344366	Civil Rights Act of 1964	outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin	15
7911344367	Voting Rights Act of 1965	a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage	16
7911344368	Susan B. Anthony	An American social reformer and feminist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement.	17
7911344369	policy representation	congressional work to advance the issues and ideological preferences of constituents	18
7911344370	allocative representation	congressional work to secure projects, services, and funds for the represented district	19
7911344371	pork barrel projects	government projects and grants that primarily benefit the home district or state	20
7911344372	Earmarks	Federal funds appropriated by Congress for use on local projects	21
7911344373	symbolic representation	Efforts made by Congress to further the ideals or values of constituents is called	22
7911344374	hyperpartisanship	a commitment to party so strong it can transcend other commitments	23
7911344375	Congressional Oversight	Congress's exercise of its authority to monitor the activities of agencies and administrators	24
7911344376	Reapportionment	the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census	25
7911344377	Redistricting	The drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes.	26
7911344378	Gerrymandering	Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.	27
7911344379	partisan gerrymandering	process by which districts are drawn to maximize the number of House seats a political party can win	28
7911344380	racial gerrymandering	drawing of legislative boundaries to give electoral advantages to a particular racial group	29
7911344381	incumbency advantage	the electoral edge afforded to those already in office	30
7911344382	coattail effect	the added votes received by congressional candidates of a winning presidential party	31
7911344383	midterm loss	the tendency for the presidential party to lose congressional seats in off-year elections	32
7911344384	descriptive representation	the idea that an elected body should mirror demographically the population it represents	33
7911344385	economic inequality	Differences in the income/wealth of different households (rich, middle class and poor)	34
7911344386	Korematsu v. US	California was right to intern Japanese-Americans in camps during crisis of World War II	35
7912222947	standing committee	A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area	36
7912222948	House Rules Committee	the committee that determines how and when debate on a bill will take place	37
7912222949	select committee	a committee appointed to deal with an issue or a problem not suited to a standing committee	38
7912222950	joint committee	legislative committee composed of members of both houses	39
7912222951	conference committee	special joint committee created to reconcile differences in bills passed by the House and Senate	40
7912222952	Filibuster	A lengthy speech designed to delay or kill the vote on a bill; used only in the Senate	41
7912222953	cloture rule	Prevents filibustering (16 signatures) and ends debate in the Senate, by a 3/5s vote of the Senate	42
7912222954	omnibus legislation	Large bills that often cover several topics and may contain extraneous, or pork-barrel, projects.	43
7912222955	roll call vote	A congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering "yea" or "nay" to their names.	44
7912222956	veto override	reversal of a presidential veto by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress	45
7912222957	pocket veto	president's power to kill a bill, if Congress is not in session, by not signing it for 10 days	46
7912222958	War Powers Act of 1973	President can send troops immediately, but must report to Congress and power is limited to 60 days	47
7912222959	executive order	A rule issued by the president that has the force of law	48
7912222960	executive agreement	an agreement between the president and the leader of another country	49
7912222961	senatorial courtesy	unwritten tradition whereby nominations for state-level federal judicial posts are not confirmed	50
7912222962	solicitor general	Justice Department officer who argues the government's cases before the Supreme Court	51
7912222963	pardoning power	a president's authority to release or excuse a person from the legal penalties of a crime	52
7912222964	traditional presidency	the founders' vision of limited executive power	53
7912222965	inherent powers	powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it	54
7912222966	modern presidency	the trend toward a higher degree of executive power since the 1930s	55
7912222967	Expectations Gap	what the public thinks accountants should do and what accountants think they can do	56
7912222968	power to persuade	the ability of presidents to convince others to cooperate with their agenda	57
7912222969	Going public	Directly addressing the public in order to win support for oneself or one's ideas.	58
7912222970	cycle effect	the predictable rise and fall of a president's popularity at different stages of a term in office	59
7912222971	honeymoon period	a time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public	60
7912222972	Legislative Liaison	Legislative assistants provide liaison between the office of the government and the legislature	61
7912222973	divided government	the political condition in which different political parties control the presidency and Congress	62