AP Psychology Cognition and Memory Flashcards

8075903298	memory	active system that receives information from the sense, organizes and alters info then retrieves it from storage	0
8075914491	Information processing model	assumes processing of info for memory storage is similar to the way a computer process's memory	1
8075921017	3 stages of info processing model	1. encoding: convert info into a usable form in brain's storage systems 2. storage: holding info for a period of time 3. retrieval: getting info that is in storage in a form that can be used	2
8075938439	Atkinson-Shiffrin Model Steps	1. sensory memory 2. short-term memory 3. long-term memory	3
8075954090	sensory memory	brief, quick recording of sensory information	4
8075956198	short-term memory	memory that holds a few items briefly before they are forgotten -working memory	5
8075963242	working memory	conscious, active processing of auditory and visual-spacial info and long-term memory	6
8075970090	Long-term memory	relatively permanent and limitless storage of memory	7
8075976764	Automatice processing	info enters long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding -Space: certain place where item is located -Time: sequence of day's event (tracing your steps) -Frequency: how many times something occurs -Well-learned info: words (requires initial effort, but becomes automatic)	8
8075996515	Parallel Processing	processing of many thing simultaneously	9
8082177800	effortful Processing	requires attention and conscious effort -rehearsal: conscious repetition -Herman Ebbinghaus -Overlearning	10
8082186363	Herman Ebbinghaus	repetition and forgetting curve -as rehearsal increases with nonsense syllables, relearning decreases -forgetting curve: forgetting is very fast within the 1st hour of learning	11
8082202882	Spacing Effect	we retain info when our rehearsal is distributed overtime rather than cramming +testing effect-retention checks	12
8082211711	Serial Position Effect	tend to remember the first and last items on the list -Primacy Effect: remember info at the beginning -Recency Effect: remember info at the end of the body of information	13
8082224786	visual encoding	encoding picture images (mental pictures) -imagery -Rosy Retrospection -Mnemonic devices	14
8082240998	imagery	visual images -aided by semantic encoding	15
8082243916	Rosy Retrospection	recalling high points, forgetting the worst	16
8082248601	Mnemonic Devices	memory aids using visual images and organizational devices -e.x: name game	17
8082228048	Acoustic encoding	encoding of sound, especially sounds of words (rhythm)	18
8082235070	Semantic encoding	encoding of meaning -best way to encode	19
8082256332	chunking	organizing items into familiar, manageable units	20
8082259457	hierarchies	divide and subdivide into narrower concepts and facts -Nervous System Model	21
8082264208	schemas	info tied to previously learned information	22
8082271467	sensory memory	info enters nervous system -fleeting memory: short period of time	23
8082276194	iconic memory	visual sensory memory; lasts less than a second -capacity: everything that can be seen at one time -duration: info just entered iconic memory; pushed out very quickly -Eidetic imagery: photographic memory; visual memory for 30 seconds or more	24
8082297436	Echoic imagery	brief memory of something a person has just heard -Capacity: heard at any one moment; smaller than iconic memory -Duration: last longer; about 2 to 4 seconds	25
8082313849	short-term memory	held for brief periods of time while being used (30 seconds or less), limited capacity	26
8082319908	selective attention	focus on only one stimulus form among all sensory input -conclusion: capacity of STM is about seven items or pieces of info (magical number: 7 + or - 2	27
8082335486	long-term memory	info is placed to be kept more or less permanently	28
8082339801	Elaborative Rehearsal	transferring info from STM to LTM by making info meaningful	29
8082345983	long-term potential	increase in a synapse's firing after brief, rapid stimulation -increased release of serotonin at synaptic gaps	30
8082354077	Stress hormones	trigger brain to think something important has happened -Amygdala produces more proteins for memory	31
8082361738	Engram	physical change that takes place int he brain when a memory is formed	32
8082366727	Types of Long Term Memory	1. Implicit/Procedural/non declarative memory 2. Declarative memory/explicit	33
8082376069	Implicit/ procedural/ non declarative memory	memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses -skills people know to do: simple conditioned reflexes that may or may not be in conscious awareness	34
8082389686	Declarative Memory/ explicit	information that is conscious and known (memory for facts) -semantic memory: general knowledge, info learned -Episodic memory: personal info and events -flashbulb memory: detailed events of emotionally charged events-death, wedding	35
8082473123	prospective memory	remembering to perform intended actions in the future -e.x: taking medication -half of everyday forgetting is due to prospective memory failures	36
8082480794	retrospective memory	memory for people, events or object encountered or experienced in the past	37
8082487106	Recall	info to be retrieved must be "pulled" from memory -retrieval failure: recall has failed (tip of the tongue)	38
8108962739	Recognition	match a piece of info or a stimulus to a stored image or fact -e.x: multiple-choice tests	39
8108968639	Relearning	learning material for the second time	40
8108974427	retrieval cue	a stimulus for remembering -"Anchor Point"	41
8108978437	Priming	unconscious activation of association in memory	42
8108981954	Encoding Specificity	easier to retrieve info while in the same environment to which we encoded it -State dependent memory, Mood Congruent Memory, Context Dependent Memory	43
8108989702	State Dependent Memory	physiological or psychological state -e.x: tired	44
8108993431	Mood Congruent Memory	recalling memories consistent with current mood	45
8108996268	Context Dependent Memory	recalling memories consistent with the ame context -location	46
8108999847	Deja Vu	"I've experienced this before" -cues from current situation unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier, similar experience	47
8109006195	Encoding failure	failure to process info into memory -storage decay, disuse	48
8109013242	storage decay	loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used	49
8109016624	Disuse	another name for decay; memories not used will eventually decay and disappear	50
8109023250	Proactive interference	older info prevents or interferes with retrieval of new info -forward acting	51
8109027702	Retroactive Interference	newer info prevent or interferes with retrieval of old info -backward acting	52
8109033371	Stroop Effect	automatic processing versus conscious-visual control -The "conflict" between 2 brain process are word-recognition and color recognition	53
8109044461	misinformation effect	misleading info after an event to alter the memories of the event itself	54
8109048813	Constructive Memory	retrieval of memories altered, revised, or influenced by newer information	55
8109053907	source amnesia	we retain the memory of the event, but not of the context in which we acquired it	56
8109058001	Motivated forgetting	people unknowingly revise their memoires	57
8109061574	repression	-Sigmund Frued's psychoanalysis theory -defense mechanism where we unconsciously get rid of memories -unconscious mind protects us from bad memories of our childhood	58
8109074133	Elizabeth Lotus Study (eyewitness testimony)	after the fact our accuracy of events may change -ins't always reliable or accurate -can be used in court, but Loftus states mistakes are made	59
8109083298	false positive	error of recognition where people think the recognize a stimulus not actually in memory	60
8109086541	retrograde amnesia	loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, memory lost from the past	61
8109094656	anterograde amnesia	loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, inability to form new, long-term memories -Senile dementia	62
8109100638	Infantile amnesia	inability to retrieve info from before the age of 3	63
8109106153	Thinking/Cognition	mental activity when a person organizes, understands and communicates information	64
8109110571	Mental images	mental representation that stand for objects or events -picture-like quality	65
8109114234	concepts	ideas we group together to help us understand -Superordinate concept: general for or type of concept -Basic level type: other similar concepts are organized -Subordinate concept: most specific category of a concept	66
8109129413	Formal concepts	defined by specific rules or features	67
8109131599	natural concepts	form as a result of their experiences in the real world -beauty, serenity	68
8109135261	prototypes	best example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept -How we group things together	69
8109142158	convergent thinking	there is a right answer -multiple choice	70
8109148112	divergent thinking	think "creatively" with as many possible answers you can come up with -incubation. metacognition	71
8109155240	incubation	walk away from the problem and let your mind work on it	72
8109157374	metacognition	think about one's own problem solving strategy	73
8109159757	problem-solving	goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways	74
8109163785	trial-and-error	mechanical solution -one possible solution after another	75
8109166707	Insight	sudden perception of a solution to the problem	76
8109168236	Algorithms	very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems	77
8109178081	Heuristic	educated guess based on prior experiences that help narrow down possible solutions -rule of thumb	78
8113030170	means-end analysis	heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and end goal is determined, then that difference is reduced	79
8113047076	Intuition	allows us to act quickly, unreasonably, based on "gut" feelings-hard to quantify	80
8113065005	Availability Heuristic (error of heuristic)	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory -Statistical Reality vs. Dramatic events: fear of crossing the road vs. fear of swimming in the ocean	81
8113120042	Representative heuristic	how well it matched some picture or expectation we already have -we assume based on appearance	82
8113128298	Anchoring heuristic (bias)	caused by basing or anchoring an estimate on a completely unrelated quantity	83
8113147494	Functional-fixedness	thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions	84
8113153334	mental set	people persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past	85
8113159435	confirmation bias	tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs ignoring evidence that doesn't fit their beliefs	86
8113163850	Implicit assumptions	assume there are rules limiting what we can do	87
8113175918	Overconfidence	tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgement -e.x: how long it takes to study psych	88
8113186758	Belief perseverance	hold on to beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence	89
8113191976	Hindsight bias	after learning about an event to behave as if one could have predicted the event in advantage	90
8113202601	The Dunning-Kruger Effect	people that ar bad at something tend to believe they are good when they aren't in reality	91
8113209241	Framing	the way an issue is stated can effect it's impact on the audience	92
8113214860	language	system of symbols (spoken, written, or signed), so unlimited number of meaningful statements can be made for communication	93
8113243736	Phonemes	the basic unit of sound in language -44 diff.	94
8113247263	morphemes	the smallest unit of meaning within a language -"s"; "ed" -prefixes and suffixes	95
8113254906	grammar	rules governing the structure and use of a language	96
8113258284	syntax	combining words and phrases that are grammatically correct	97
8113265350	semantics	rules for determining the memory of words and sentences	98
8113266737	babbling stage	speech sounds, start to use phonemes of surrounding language	99
8113276859	Holophrastic stage/ 1 word stage	1st birthday -productive language begins (semantics) and comprehension	100
8113282995	telegraphic stage/ 2 word stage	2nd birthday -grammatically correct two word sayings, follow rules of syntax	101
8113297330	overgeneralization/ overregulation	over or incorrect use of grammar rules	102
8113301786	descriptive grammar	don't follow grammar rules, but the meaning is there -everyday language	103
8113312864	prescriptive grammar	follows proper grammar rules	104
8113317075	Skinner	operant learning (behaviorist perspective) -learning principles to develop language -associations, imitations, reinforcement	105
8113335623	Language Acquisition Device (LAD)	-all rewired to learn language -Noam Chomsky-universal grammatical rule	106
8113346223	Interactional Model	combination of Skinner and Chomsky theories	107
8113358424	Critical periods for language	-if they haven't learned by 7 they lose the ability master language -learning a language as an adult will result in an accent -Genie and Victor (wild child of Aveyron)	108
8113398834	Aphasia	damage to brocas or werniche's area brocas: responsible for producing fluent speech-frontal lobe werniche's: responsible for understanding meaningful language-temporal lobe	109
8113421514	Visual Cortex	sees written words	110
8113425033	Angula-Gyrus	transforms visual info and decodes it into auditory form	111
8113441785	Whorfian-Sapir Hypothesis	aka. Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis -thought process and concepts are created by language	112
8113457736	Cognitive Universalism	some concepts are universal	113
8113462868	Bilingual Advantage	are able to think and respond better	114