AP Biology Evolution Flashcards

9683301766	homologous structures	structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry	0
9683301767	vestigial structures	remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors	1
9683301768	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	2
9683301769	Hardy-Weinberg	the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work	3
9683301770	gene pool	the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population	4
9683301771	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	5
9683301772	natural selection	a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	6
9683301773	genetic drift	changes in the gene pool due to random events	7
9683301774	founder effect	when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	8
9683301775	bottleneck effect	when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether	9
9683301776	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	10
9683301777	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other	11
9683301778	disruptive selection	when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes	12
9683301779	stabilizing selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants	13
9683301780	sexual selection	a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	14
9683301781	sexual dimorphism	marked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction or survival (differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior)	15
9683301783	heterozygote advantage	when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous	16
9683301784	frequency-dependent selection	fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population	17
9683301785	speciation	the process by which one species splits into two or more species	18
9683301786	microevolution	changes over time in allele frequencies in a population	19
9683301787	macroevolution	the broad pattern of evolution over long time spans	20
9683301788	species	a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups	21
9683301789	reproductive isolation	the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring	22
9683301790	hybrids	offspring that result from interspecific mating	23
9683301791	prezygotic barriers	impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)	24
9683301792	post zygotic barriers	prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown	25
9683301793	allopatric speciation	gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations	26
9683301794	sympatric speciation	speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)	27
9683301795	polyploidy	extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division	28
9683301796	autopolyploid	an individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species	29
9683301797	allopolyploid	an individual that has more than two chromosome sets due to two different species interbreeding and after several generations can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid. Allopolyploids are fertile when mating with each other but cannot interbreed with either parent species	30
9683301798	punctuated equilibrium	the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change	31
9683301799	ribozyme	RNA that can also carry out a number of enzyme-like catalytic functions	32
9683301800	protobionts	collections of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane-like structure with simple chemical reactions (precursor of prokaryotic cells)	33
9683301801	endosymbiosis	mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells	34
9683301802	adaptive radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities	35
9683301803	homeotic genes	master regulatory genes that determine such basic features as where a pair of wings and a pair of legs will develop on a bird or how a plant's flower parts are arranged	36
9683301804	phylogeny	the evolutionary history of a species or group of species	37
9683301806	phylogenetic tree	evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram	38
9683301807	analogous structures	structures that are similar due to convergent evolution NOT common ancestry	39
9683301808	homology	similarity due to shared ancestry	40
9683301809	clade	a group of species which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants	41
9683301810	outgroup	a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying	42
9683301811	maximum parsimony	a principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts	43
9683301812	molecular clock	a yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates	44
9683301813	horizontal gene transfer	a process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection and perhaps fusion of organisms	45
9683301815	Cryptic species	Species which look almost identical but that are very different in other traits	46
9683301816	Monophyletic	A branch on a phylogenetic tree that contains all decscendants of a common ancestor	47
9683301817	Abiogenesis	origin of life from nonliving matter	48
9683301818	abiotic synthesis	formation of organic molecules from inorganic material	49
9683301819	last universal common ancestor (LUCA)	a common ancestor to all organisms that live and had lived on Earth	50
9683301820	protocell	organic polymers enclosed in a membrane	51
9683301823	extinction	total disappearance of all members of a species	52
9683301824	mass extinction	total disappearance of a large number a species within a few million years	53
9683301825	extant	still in existence (living)	54
9683301826	fitness	ability to produce surviving offspring	55
9683301827	morphological species concept	new species differ by physical characteristics known as diagnostic traits	56
9683301828	evolutionary species concept	members of a species share distinct evolutionary pathway and common traits	57
9683301829	phylogenetic species concept	a family tree is used to identify species based on a common ancestor	58
9683301830	biological species concept	species are identified as separate because of reproductive isolation.	59
9683301834	paleontology	study of the fossil record	60
9683301835	index fossils	fossils used to identify deposits made at apparently the same time in different parts of the world, used for relative dating	61
9683399652	Evidence of Evolution	paleontology (fossil record), biogeography, embryology, comparative anatomy, molecular biology	62
9683424705	Sources of Variation or Genetic Recombination	crossing over, independent assortment of homologous chromosomes, random joining of gametes	63
9683447404	Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium	no natural selection, no mutations, no gene flow, large population, random mating	64
9683462772	Causes of Allele Frequency Change	natural selection, mutations, genetic drift, gene flow, nonrandom mating	65
9683477747	p^2	frequency of homozygous dominant	66
9683482739	q^2	frequency of homozygous recessive	67
9683487300	2pq	frequency of heterozygous	68
9683499047	p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =	1	69
9683518817	early Earth conditions (pre-life)	little oxygen in the atmosphere (mostly carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas) UV light, lightening, radioactivity, and heat provided energy	70
9683556306	Evidence of Endosymbiotic Theory	Mitochondria and chloroplasts own circular DNA with no histones and ribosomes that resemble prokaryotes, Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce independently of host cell and have double phospholipid membranes, thylakoid membrane in chloroplast resembles cyanobacteria photosynthetic membranes	71