AP Biology Cell and Organelles Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

8038442294	cytosol	a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found	0
8038442295	eukaryotic cell	Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	1
8038442296	prokaryotic cell	microscopic, unicellular organism without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles	2
8038442297	nucleoid region	a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found	3
8038442298	cytoplasm	the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles	4
8038442299	plasma membrane	The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell; made of a phospholipid bi-layer	5
8038442300	nucleus	chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell	6
8038442301	nuclear envelope	encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm	7
8038442302	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope	8
8038442303	chromosomes	tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)	9
8038442304	chromatin	loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA	10
8038442305	nucleolus	located in the nucleus; makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes	11
8038442306	ribosomes	made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins	12
8038442307	endomembrane system	membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.	13
8038442308	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope; a passageway in which proteins and other materials are carried throughout the cell	14
8038442309	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels	15
8038442310	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins	16
8038442311	glycoproteins	proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction	17
8038442312	transport vesicles	vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another	18
8038442313	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	19
8038442314	lysosome	membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials	20
8038442315	autophagy	lysosomes break down damaged organelles	21
8038442316	food vacuoles	formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle	22
8038442317	contractile vacuoles	pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell	23
8038442318	central vacuole	the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells	24
8038442319	mitochondria	chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration	25
8038442320	chloroplasts	contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis	26
8038442321	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm	27
8038442322	microtubules	hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell	28
8038442323	centrosome	a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division	29
8038442324	centrioles	cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division	30
8038442325	flagella	a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement	31
8038442326	cilia	a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion	32
8038442327	microfilaments	the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts	33
8038442328	intermediate filaments	diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments	34
8038442329	cell wall	extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake	35
8038442330	extracellular matrix	where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides	36
8038442331	collagen	most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells	37
8038442332	plasmodesmata	channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants	38
8038442333	tight junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins	39
8038442334	desmosomes	intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets	40
8038442335	gap junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants	41