ap Flashcards

7679324604	four bone membrane types	cutaneous, mucous, serosa, synovial	0
7679324605	gastrointestinal	process by which 3 germ layers are formed	1
7679324606	ectoderm gives rise to	integumentary and nervous system	2
7679324607	mesoderm gives rise to	Middle layer, gives rise to muscles, bones, kidneys, gonads, blood and vascular and major organs	3
7679324608	endoderm gives rise to	inner layers, epithelium of the GI tract	4
7679324609	ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm are formed from	epiblast	5
7679324610	zygote-morula-blastocyte-embreonic disk		6
7679324611	6 principal functions of the integumentary system	protection, water barrier, vitamin D synthesis, sensation, thermoregulation, nonverbal communication	7
7679324612	two skin layers	epidermidis- superficial dermis-deep	8
7679324613	water barrier (integ function)	tight junctions, regulated water loss	9
7679324614	Vitamin D Synthesis (integ function)	light absorbtion critical for initial steps, tactile cells	10
7679324615	sensation (integ function)	largest sensory organ, tactile merkle cells	11
7679324616	Thermoregulation (integ function)	blood flow, sense body surface temp	12
7679324617	cutaneous vasoconstriction	when cold funnles warm blood to the core	13
7679324618	Cutaneous Vasodilation	when warm blood flushes the skin to lose hear to the environment	14
7679324619	5types of epidermidis (stratified sqaumous epithelium)	keratinocytes, stem cells, melanocytes, tactile (Merkel) cells, dendritic cells	15
7679324620	keratinocytes (epi cell type)	majority of epidermal cells, durable cells, migrate superficially and die, new cells are made by stem cells	16
7679324621	Stem cells are (epi cell type)	undifferentiated cells, produce new keratinocytes	17
7679324622	Melanocytes (epi cell type)	synthesize melanin, pigment to our skin	18
7679324623	tactile cells (epi cell type)	snakes population of cells, Sensory touch receptors	19
7679324624	dendritic cells (epi cell type)	immune cells that infiltrate and reside within the epidermidis. found in high risk ep, vagina, nose.	20
7679324625	5 epidermal cell layers	stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale	21
7679324626	stratum corneum epi	1 Superficial layer of 30 layers of deal cells keratinoxied, form forms durable derable surface	22
7679324627	stratum lucidum epi	2 deep to corneum, thinnest layer	23
7679324628	stratum granulosum epi	3deep to lucidum, 3-5 layers keratinocytes, more in thick skin	24
7679324629	stratum spinosum epi	4 deep to granulosum, thickest layer, flattening keratinocytes, contains dendratic cells	25
7679324630	stratum basalis epi	5 deepest later, simple cuboidal low columnar, tactile cells, stem cell and generates new keratinocytes for the skin	26
7679324631	dermal papillae	Upward projections into epidermis, finger like projections, prevents slippage	27
7679324632	dermis 2 layers	papillary, reticular	28
7679324633	papillary layer of dermis	thin, areolar, allows for mobility of immune cells	29
7679324634	reticular later of dermis	think, dense irregular connective tissue	30
7679324635	Hypodermis	not skin, attached skin to underlying tissue, characterized by areolar and adipose	31
7679324636	5 major types of integumentary cutaneous glands	sudoriferous (sweat), apocrine, merocrine, sebaceous, ceruminois, mammary	32
7679324637	apocrine glands	sent glands, think milk secretions, open into hair follicle, large lumens compared to merocrine glands	33
7679324638	merocrine glands	watery salty secretions, directly into skin, tiny lumens	34
7679324639	Sebaceous glands	oily secretions called sebum, into forces to retain moisture	35
7679324640	cerumimous glands	earwax	36
7679324641	mammary glands	modified apocrine gland producing milk	37
7679324642	hair functions	sensations, insulation, visable distinction, sexuality, gaurd hairs (vibrissae), nonverbal communication	38
7679324643	Cutaneous membrane	the skin, is the largest body membrane	39
7679324644	2types of cutaneous membrane	mucosa, serosa	40
7679324645	mucosa membrane	3 layers, lines passages that open to the exterior environment, goblet cells secrete mucous, absorbtion, secretion, and protection	41
7679324646	serous membrane	2 layers, lines the body cavities and covers organs, produces watery serous fluid, functions to prevent drying out of organs and lubricates	42
7679324647	ectoderm gives rise to	skin and nerves	43
7679324648	Gastrulation	formation of the gut, glives rise to 3germ layers, makes up epiblast	44
7679324649	Mesoderm gives rise to	muscles and bones, almost everything	45
7679324650	6 principle functions of bone	support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid base balance, blood formation	46
7679324651	electrolyte balance in Bone	storage site for calcium and phosphate	47
7679324652	acid balance base for bone	boogers blood by absorbing and releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonates	48
7679324653	4 shapes of Bones	long-femoral flat-skull short-carpals irregular-vertebral	49
7679324657	2types of bone tissue	compact-dense spongy-porous	50
7679324658	2 methods of development for bones	intramenbranous-skull, portion of clavical endochondral-all other bones	51
7679324659	4 types of bone cell	osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts	52
7679324660	Osteogenic cells	Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts	53
7679324661	Osteoblasts	bone forming cells, non mitotic, makes stuff	54
7679324662	Osteocytes	former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited, pick up nutrients and get rid of waste, resorption deposition, and strain sensing	55
7679324663	Osteoclasts	Bone-destroying cells, the replenishers. makes blood	56
7679324664	bone minerals?	calcium, phosphate, carbonate	57
7679324665	compact bone components	osteon(whole), central canal(middle), concentric lamellar(tree rings), !both inside! lacunae(spots), canaliculi(lines)	58
7679324666	spongy bone components	spiculels (rods, dead ends), trabeculae (thin plates, bridging lattice ends), bone marrow (fills spaces of lattice network)	59
7679324667	step 1 Mesenchyme (intermemberous ossification)	condense into membrane, differentiate into osteoblasts, new secret osteoid tissue (prebone)	60
7679324668	step 2 minerlization (intermemberous ossification)	crystilization, osteoid tissue hardens, squeezed into narrower spaces, osteoblasts trapped and become osteocytes.	61
7679324669	step3 periosteum forms (intermemberous ossification)	compact bone forms	62
7679324670	step 4 osteoblasts at the periosteum (intermemberous ossification)	thickens new zone of compact bone, how you get sandwich like appearance	63
7679324671	endochondral ossification	bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage	64
7679324672	Bone growth in length occurs by mitosis of	interstital, happens within! cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis. continued mitotic growth of chondryocytes, death and replacement by bone tissue	65
7679324673	bone growth in diametet	appositional, happens on the surface, new intramemberous ossification	66
7679324674	functions of calcium in blood 4 specific 2 general	neuron signaling, muscle contractions, blood clots, exocytosis, 2&3rd messanger in cell signaling, enzymatic cofactor	67
7679324675	functions of phosphate in the blood	dna backbone, rna nucleotides, atp, blood buffering	68
7679324676	mineralization	crystilization of electrolyte in Bone for storage	69
7679324677	resorption	dissolving bone to release stored electrolyte	70
7679324678	mineralization 1&2	1 osteoblasts lay down collagen fibers 2 calcuim and phosphate, high concentration from hydroxyapatite crystals along the college fibers	71
7679324679	resorption 1&2	1 osteocladts, high concentrate of H+ into the matrix Cl follows 2 hydrochloric acid HCL pH to 4 session hydroxyapatite	72
7679324680			73