ap psych Development vocab Flashcards

8307421016	developmental psychology	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	0
8307421017	zygote	Fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo	1
8307421018	embryo	The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.	2
8307421019	fetus	The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.	3
8307421020	teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm	4
8307421021	fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)	Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking.	5
8307421022	habituation	Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	6
8307421023	maturation	biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience	7
8307421024	cognition	All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	8
8307421025	schema	a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information	9
8307421026	assimilation	Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas	10
8307421027	accommodation	Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.	11
8307421028	sensorimotor stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities	12
8307421029	object permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived	13
8307421030	pre operational stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic	14
8307421031	conservation	The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.	15
8307421032	egocentrism	in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view	16
8307421033	theory of mind	People's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict	17
8307421034	autism spectrum disorder (ASD)	A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior.	18
8307421035	concrete operational stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events	19
8307421036	formal operational stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts	20
8307421037	stranger anxiety	the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age	21
8307421038	attachment	An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.	22
8307421039	critical period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development	23
8307421040	imprinting	The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.	24
8307421041	temperament	A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.	25
8307421042	basic trust	according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers	26
8307421043	self-concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"	27
8307421044	gender	A socially and culturally constructed set of distinctions between masculine and feminine sets of behaviors that is promoted and expected by society	28
8307421045	aggression	Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.	29
8307421046	gender role	a set of expected behaviors for males or for females	30
8307421047	role	a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave	31
8307421048	gender identity	one's sense of being male or female	32
8307421049	social learning theory	The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.	33
8307421050	gender typing	the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role	34
8307421051	transgender	An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex	35
8307421052	adolescent	The transition from childhood to adulthood is known as which of the following	36
8307421053	identity	our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles	37
8307421054	social identity	the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships	38
8307421055	intimacy	in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood	39
8307421056	emerging adulthood	for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood	40
8307421057	x chromosome	The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.	41
8307421058	y chromosome	the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.	42
8307421059	testosterone	A male sex hormone produced by the testes; women secrete smaller amounts of testosterone from the adrenal cortex and ovary.	43
8307421060	puberty	The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.	44
8307421061	primary sex characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible	45
8307421062	secondary sex characteristics	nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair	46
8307421063	menarche	The first menstrual period.	47
8307421064	AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)	a life threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving people vulnerable to infections	48
8307421065	sexual orientation	an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)	49
8307421066	menopause	The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.	50
8307421067	cross-sectional study	a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another	51
8307421068	longitudinal study	research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period	52
8307421069	social clock	the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement	53
8307421070	rooting	stroke a baby on its cheek and it turns	54
8307421071	sucking	allows baby to eat	55
8307421072	grasping	baby will grip onto anything tightly	56
8307421073	stepping	infants life one foot after another	57
8307421074	moro	surprise relex; baby bows back up because it wants to be swaddled	58
8307421075	babinski	touch bottom of foot and toes curl up	59