unit 5 ap test Flashcards

9008398509	adaptive strategies	the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment	0
9008398510	agrarian	concerning farms, farmers, or the use of land	1
9008400126	agribusiness	integration of various steps of production in the food processing industry	2
9008400127	agriculture	the process by which humans alter the human landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade	3
9008402582	agricultural landscape		4
9008402583	animal domestication	raising and caring for animals by humans for protection or food	5
9008402584	aquaculture	practice of raising fish and other water-dwelling organisms for food	6
9008404765	biotechnology	applies science to the production of biological products or processes	7
9008404766	CAFO	concentrated animal feeding operation	8
9008407000	capital-intensive agriculture	agriculture in which a large amount of capital is applied per unit of output	9
9008407001	collective farm	a large government-controlled farm formed by combining many small farms	10
9008409005	Columbian Exchange	a global movement of plants and animals between the Afro-Eurasia and the Americas	11
9008409023	commercial agriculture	famers focus on raising a specific crop to sell for profit	12
9008411985	commodity chain	process used by corporations to gather resources and transform them into goods and then transport them to consumers	13
9008418554	community-supported agriculture (CSA)	consumers pay farmers in advance for a share of their yield, usually a weekly delivery of produce	14
9008418555	conservation	the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources	15
9008418556	crop rotation	the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land	16
9008420913	dairying	the business of producing, storing, and distributing milk and its products	17
9008420914	debt-for-nature swap	developing countries have some of their foreign in exchange for enacting conservation measures	18
9008423415	desertification	transition of land to fertile to desert	19
9008424947	domestication	the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans	20
9008424948	double-cropping	the planting and harvesting on the same parcel of land twice per year	21
9008426804	enclosure movement	series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use that had previously been common land for peasant famers	22
9008426849	environmental modification	changes made to the environment	23
9008429941	extensive agriculture	agriculture that uses fewer inputs of capital and paid labor relative the amount of space being used	24
9008429942	extractive industry	businesses that take mineral resources from the earth.	25
9008434218	farm-to-table	Produce from your farm goes straight to you without processing	26
9008436002	fair trade	Designed to get more money into the hands of small farmers in poor countries who actually raise the crops, rather than supporting large transnational corporations that manage trade in these products	27
9008436003	fallow	plowed but not sowed; uncultivated	28
9008436004	farm subsidy	pubic support, to famers to ensure that consumers have a dependable, low - cost supply of food	29
9008436005	feedlot	a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market	30
9008439134	First Agricultural Revolution	the origin of farming, it was marked by the domestication of animals and plants	31
9008439135	food chain	A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten	32
9008439136	food security	The ability of individuals to obtain sufficient food on a day-to-day basis	33
9008441089	forestry	The 2nd ring in Von Thunens model	34
9008441090	GMO	plants or animals that scientists in a laboratory modified by extracting genes of one species and inserting them into the DNA of another species	35
9008441091	green revolution	development of high- yielding, disease - resistant, faster - growing varieties of grains	36
9008443345	growing season	the time of year when it is warm enough for plants to grow	37
9008443346	horticulture	The first ring in Von Thunens model	38
9008443347	hunting and gathering	the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food	39
9008445950	intensive subsistence agriculture	agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used	40
9008445951	intertillage	the clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other manual equipment	41
9008445968	labor-intensive agriculture	type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful	42
9008449958	livestock ranching	a form of commercial agriculture found in the developed world livestock graze over large areas while the owners remain in the same place	43
9008452877	luxury crops	crops that are not essential to human survival but have a high profit margin	44
9008452878	market gardening	commercial gardening and fruit farming	45
9008452879	mechanization	In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.	46
9008456148	fossil fuels	Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.	47
9008459232	Mediterranean agriculture	Agriculture practiced in areas with a Mediterranean climate; mostly horticulture	48
9008459233	milkshed	the geographic distance that milk is delivered	49
9008459234	milpa	another name for swidden, a patch of land cleared for planting through slash-and-burn technique	50
9008460915	monoculture	raising of a single cash crop on large plots of land	51
9008460916	nonrenewable resource	a resource that cannot be replaced	52
9008462711	organic farming	farming with out the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides	53
9008462712	paddy farming		54
9008462713	pastoral nomadism	people travel from place to place with their herds of domesticated animals	55
9008465258	planned economy	an economic system directed by government agencies	56
9008465259	plantation	large commercial farm that is specialized in one crop	57
9008467910	plant domestication	the growing of crops that people planted, raised and harvested	58
9008467911	livestock ranching	the raising of domesticated animals for the produciton of meat and byproducts (leather, wool)	59
9008469707	ridge-tillage		60
9008489093	salinization	Accumulation of salts in soil that can eventually make the soil unable to support plant growth.	61
9008495650	Second Agricultural Revolution	began in the 1700s and used the advances of the Industrial Revolution to increase food supplies and population growth	62
9008495651	shifting cultivation	when farmers in tropical climate regions, move from one field to another	63
9008498053	slash-and-burn	when all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burn in place	64
9008500304	specialization	A focus on a particular crop to grow	65
9008500305	stable grains		66
9008504737	subsistence agriculture	farmers focus on raising food they need to live	67
9008504738	suitcase farm	a farm in which no one lives on the farm and the harvesting and planting is performed by farmers who live nearby or by migratory labor	68
9008506675	sustainable agriculture	Long-term productive farming methods that are environmentally safe.	69
9008506676	swidden	a patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning	70
9008506677	Third Agricultural Revolution	began in 1960s and included the Green Revolution as well as agribusiness	71
9008509002	erosion	Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away	72
9008510860	"tragedy of the commons"	social trap that involves a conflict over resources between interests and the common good	73
9008510861	transhumance	seasonal herding of animals from higher elevation in the summer to lower elevation and valleys in the winter	74
9008510862	commercial gardening	the intensive production of nontropical fruits, vegetables, and flowers for sale off the farm for sell	75
9008512976	wet rice	Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.	76